Carbonate Reservoirs. Carbonate Reservoirs and Fractured Reservoirs. Outline Carbonate Porosity. Carbonate Porosity Types Intergranular Porosity

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1 Carbonate Reservoirs and Fractured Reservoirs 1 inch Carbonate Sidewall core Carbonate Reservoirs Porosity strongly controlled by postdepositional processes High initial porosity Rapid cementation Dissolution creates secondary porosity Usually due to acidic water Outline Carbonate Porosity Primary vs. secondary porosity Reefs Karst (dissolution) Dolomitization Fracture systems Healed Fractures vs open fractures Fracture controlled production (example) Carbonate Porosity Types Intergranular Porosity 1

2 Vuggy & Moldic Porosity Cretaceous Reefs Golden Lane Facies Water Drive, API oil, 200 Million Barrels cum. production since 1915 Dissolution by Meteoric Water Karst and Unconformities Allen and Allen,

3 Persian Gulf Petroleum System Dolomitization Ghawar-largest field in the world Peak production; 5 million barrels per day (1981) Cumm. Prod. 65 billion bls Average Porosity: 19% Average perm: 617 md Karst (dissolution) Partially dolomitized limestone Dense Dolomite Arab D Reservoir -Ghawar Swart et al Mudstone Dolomite Moldic Porosity Rank Daily Oil Production 2008 Country Russia Saudi Arabia USA Iran China Canada Mexico Iraq Norway Production (bbl/day) 9.9 Million 8.1 Million 8.0 Million 4.1 Million 3.9 Million 3.2 Million 2.6 Million 2.4 Million 2.3 Million Dolomitization Dolomite forms during diagenesis or hydrothermal alteration CaCO 3 (CaMg)(CO 3)2 13% volume reduction New porosity appears Setting: dry coastal areas Calcite (pink) Dolomitization Atrim Fm., Michigan Ordovician Dolomite Cavity, OH Dolomite 2 mm Permian, W. Texas 2 mm 3

4 Trenton-Black River System- Appalachian Basin Fractured Reservoirs Gloades Corner Reservoir, NY Photo: J. Olson, UT Austin Evidence for fluid flow along Fractures in Sandstone Systematic Orthogonal Fractures Photo: J. Olson, UT Austin Fracture Spacing/Bedding Fractures in Reservoir Simulations 1. Matrix Permeability 2. Fracture Permeability Photo: J. Olson, UT Austin Distributed Fracture Network 4

5 Sealed Fractures Example of Fractured Carbonate Reservoir AGE MISSISSIPPIAN MIDDLE UPPER Southeast West Virginia Bluefield Formation Reynolds Lillydale Alderson Union Greenbrier Limestone Pickaway Taggard Denmar Hills dale primary fault play target Maccrady Fm Photo: J. Olson, UT Austin McCrady Formation (Smosna, 1996) LOWER (Gas Atlas) Isopach of Union Oolite, Rhodell Field Area ooids study area (from Gas Atlas) scale in cm intragranular porosity (blue) sparry calcite (poor porosity) oolite rim (8% porosity) 1 mm 5

6 PILOT KNOB FAULT MICAJAH FAULT ARISTA FAULT Estimated Ultimate Recovery (EUR) Map C.I. = 200 MMcf PILOT KNOB FAULT #5638 MICAJAH FAULT #5834 UNION OOLITE NET PAY ISOPACH Porosity > 4% C.I. = 4 ARISTA FAULT Scale: Scale: NW Cross-section section A A A A SE DEPI #5834 ( ) 00238) UNION OOLITE (Hanging wall) PILOT KNOB 0 LITTLE LIME ARISTA UNION PICKAWAY DENMAR OPEN FRACTURES 30 MMcf natural PRICE Scale: A A PILOT KNOB FAULT ARISTA FAULT 50 PILOT KNOB THRUST FAULT 206 OFFSET UNION OOLITE (Foot wall) DEPI # FMI LOG DEPI #5834 ( ) 00238) open fracture SIDEWALL CORES drilling induced fractures PILOT KNOB THRUST FAULT 206 OFFSET 50 6

7 OPEN FRACTURES DEPI #5834 (FAULT ZONE) Maximum Horizontal Stress Highly deformed interval Strike: NNE SSW Dips: open fracture open fracture scale in cm μm micritized ooids open fracture calcite filled vugs & fractures authigenic, euhedral quartz crystals scale in cm

8 UNION OOLITE THRUST MODEL WITH FRACTURE SWARM FAULT WELL PRODUCTION (outside oolite trend) DEPI #5834 ( ) 00238) UNION OOLITE (after Nelson, 2001) no scale Avg Mcf/d Steep initial decline (fracture production) (30 MMcf natural) Lesser decline (reservoir production) /5/01 5/24/02 12/10/02 6/28/03 1/14/04 8/1/04 Take home ideas In carbonate reservoirs secondary porosity is very important Dolomitization, dissolution and fracturing create new porosity Exposure to meteoric water leads to limestone dissolution Natural Fracture networks greatly enhance permeability 8

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