MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

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1 Ch 5 OC (Operant Conditioning, etc.) BIG REVIEW Name MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) Thorndike was known for his work with. A) a puzzle box B) a Skinner box C) monkeys D) modeling 1) 2) The two researchers most closely associated with operant conditioning are. A) Bandura and Ellis B) Skinner and Thorndike C) Pavlov and Watson D) Freud and Perls 2) 3) Instrumental conditioning is another term for. A) classical conditioning B) vicarious learning C) cognitive restructuring D) operant conditioning 3) 4) Operant conditioning is another name for. A) classical conditioning B) vicarious learning C) instrumental conditioning D) Pavlovian conditioning 4) 5) Emitted, voluntary behavior is BEST modified by. A) operant conditioning B) classical conditioning C) trial and error D) aversive conditioning 5) TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false. 6) The step-by-step reinforcement of partial responses is called shaping. 6) MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 7) The person most closely associated with research on learned helplessness is. A) Seligman B) Bandura C) Thorndike D) Wolpe 7) TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false. 8) Using the threat of punishment to change a behavior before punishment is needed, thus avoiding the punishment altogether, is called avoidance training. 8) MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 9) Which of the following would be MOST appropriate for the use of biofeedback procedures? A) conditioning children to be on time for school B) conditioning coyotes to stay away from sheep C) conditioning executives to reduce their blood pressure D) conditioning delinquents to be less aggressive 9) TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false. 10) Both positive and negative reinforcement result in the learning of new behaviors. 10) 1

2 11) A reinforcer can be anything that, when presented after a response, increases the likelihood of the response being repeated. 11) MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 12) The basic difference between punishment and reinforcement boils down to a difference between. A) presenting and removing stimuli B) decreasing and increasing response rates C) conditioned and unconditioned stimuli D) stimuli and responses 12) 13) Which of the following statements about punishment is NOT true? A) Effective punishment is consistent punishment. B) Punishment does not always work. C) The effectiveness of punishment depends primarily on its force. D) Effective punishment is swift punishment. 13) 14) Each of the following is true of learned helplessness EXCEPT. A) once established it generalizes to new situations B) it decreases motivation to try different responses that might bring relief from an unpleasant situation C) it can be found in both people and animals D) success in solving new problems is quite effective in eliminating it 14) 15) An operant conditioning technique in which a learner gains control over some biological response is. A) preparedness B) contingency training C) social learning D) biofeedback 15) 16) In an experiment, two groups of dogs are given shocks to their feet. One group is able to escape the shocks by jumping over a barrier. The second group is harnessed and cannot escape. After several trials, both groups are put in situations where they CAN escape. The first group escapes the shocks but the second group just sits and whines, refusing to attempt to escape. The response of the second group is due to. A) learned helplessness B) contingency blocking C) response generalization D) latent learning 16) 17) An animal is placed in a box with a bar and also a wire floor that can deliver a mild shock. The experimenter first sounds a buzzer, then a few seconds later turns on the shock. Pressing the bar after the buzzer sounds but before the shock is delivered will prevent the shock from occurring. This is an example of. A) modeling B) avoidance training C) classical conditioning D) punishment learning 17) 18) Punishment is a(n) controller of behavior. A) ineffective B) sporadic C) powerful D) weak 18) 2

3 19) A problem with avoidance training is that. A) it tends to take effect when it is too late to make a difference in avoiding the problem situation B) it tends to produce latent learning C) the learned behavior sometimes persists when it is no longer effective or necessary D) its effects tend to last only for a short time 19) 20) Punishment is particularly useful in situations in which a behavior is and must be changed. A) dangerous; gradually B) dangerous; quickly C) harmless; gradually D) harmless; quickly 20) 21) Learning a positive behavior that prevents an undesirable situation from occurring is called training. A) aversive B) reconditioning C) avoidance D) modeling 21) 22) A reinforcer that removes something unpleasant from a situation is a(n) reinforcer. A) primary B) negative C) positive D) secondary 22) 23) When someone uses punishment to change a behavior, the probability of the behavior occurring is likely to. A) generalize B) remain the same C) increase D) decrease 23) 24) Which of the following statements is true? A) Punishment does not always work. B) Punishment should be applied intermittently. C) The effectiveness of punishment depends solely on its force. D) Punishment usually enhances the learning process. 24) 25) A puppy has ruined four pairs of shoes by chewing them up at times when the family is not home. Which of the following is the MOST effective way to use punishment to teach the puppy not to chew shoes? A) Smack it with a newspaper whenever you catch it in the act of chewing shoes, but not at other times. B) Smack it with a newspaper whenever you come home and find shoes chewed up. C) Smack it with a newspaper whenever you come home and find shoes chewed up, but then hug it and give it a bone so that it won't be afraid of you. D) Smack it with a newspaper whenever you catch it in the act of chewing shoes, but then hug it and give it a bone so that it won't be afraid of you. 25) 3

4 26) After being told all morning not to play baseball near the house, a small boy continues to play ball and breaks a window. Of the following methods of discipline, the one likely to be MOST effective in changing the boy's subsequent behavior is to. A) immediately take away his bat and ball and not let him use them for a week B) punish him only if he fails to come inside and tell you what he just did C) immediately take away his bat and ball, then kiss him and let him know that you are not really angry D) tell him calmly and firmly that he will be punished later in the day, then give him milk and cookies to take his mind off the upcoming punishment. 26) 27) Each of the following makes punishment more effective EXCEPT when it is. A) sufficient B) consistent C) arbitrary D) swift 27) 28) Research on the use of rewards to facilitate learning indicates that. A) linking rewards to learning reduces motivation but not creativity B) even when used properly, linking rewards to learning actually reduces natural motivation and creativity C) linking rewards to learning does not compromise either motivation or creativity D) linking rewards to learning reduces creativity but not motivation 28) 29) Any event whose presence decreases the likelihood that ongoing behavior will recur is. A) punishment B) negative reinforcement C) an aversive stimulus D) a secondary reinforcer 29) 30) A child is scolded for using his fingers instead of his fork to eat some spaghetti. The scolding stops when he picks up his fork. Stopping the scolding is an example of reinforcement. A) positive B) secondary C) negative D) tertiary 30) 31) reinforcers result in the learning of new behaviors or the strengthening of existing ones. A) Negative, but not positive B) Neither positive nor negative C) Positive, but not negative D) Positive and negative 31) 32) In negative reinforcement, the of a(n) stimulus follows a response and changes the likelihood of that response reoccurring. A) termination; pleasant B) onset; pleasant C) onset; aversive D) termination; aversive 32) 33) A reinforcer that adds something rewarding to a situation is a(n) reinforcer. A) positive B) secondary C) additive D) primary 33) 34) An example of a behavior that is learned through operant conditioning is. A) pulling one's hand away from a flame B) blinking in response to a flash of light C) sneezing in response to dust D) cleaning up your room to get your parents' approval 34) 35) There are kinds of reinforcers. A) four B) two C) three D) five 35) 4

5 36) When someone uses negative reinforcement to change a behavior, the behavior is likely to. A) occur at the same rate B) occur less frequently C) completely stop D) occur more frequently 36) 37) Positive reinforcement the likelihood that the behavior preceding it will happen again while negative reinforcement the likelihood that the preceding behavior will happen again. A) decreases; decreases B) increases; increases C) decreases; increases D) increases; decreases 37) 38) The 5-year-old child of two very busy parents has been throwing tantrums. Whenever the child gets angry or upset, one or both of his parents immediately come to his side and fuss over and cajole him. Nevertheless, his tantrums do not diminish. In fact, they seem to occur more often. We may assume that for this child his parents' fussing over him serves as a(n). A) negative reinforcer B) unconditioned response C) punisher D) positive reinforcer 38) 39) Any event whose presence increases the likelihood that an ongoing behavior will recur is a(n). A) conditioned stimulus B) unconditioned stimulus C) negative reinforcer D) positive reinforcer 39) 40) A child learns that whenever he eats all of his dinner he gets a cookie for dessert. This type of learning is BEST explained by. A) biofeedback theory B) classical conditioning C) social learning theory D) operant conditioning 40) 41) Any event whose reduction or termination increases the likelihood that an ongoing behavior will recur is a(n). A) punisher B) positive reinforcer C) negative reinforcer D) antecedent 41) 42) Spontaneous, voluntary behaviors that you engage in by choice are called behaviors. A) operant B) latent C) manifest D) vicarious 42) 43) Any stimulus that follows a behavior and decreases the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated is called a(n). A) aversive stimulus B) negative reinforcer C) punisher D) antecedent 43) 44) Changing behavior through the reinforcement of successive approximations of a desired response is called. A) negative reinforcement B) classical conditioning C) shaping D) modeling 44) 45) A box used in operant conditioning of animals, which limits the available responses and thus increases the likelihood that the desired response will occur, is called a box. A) response B) Watson C) Skinner D) trial 45) 5

6 46) According to the law of effect, a behavior is MOST likely to be repeated when it is. A) followed by reinforcement B) paired with a neutral stimulus C) preceded by reinforcement D) ignored 46) 47) The idea that a behavior will increase or decrease based on the consequences that follow that behavior is crucial to. A) classical conditioning B) vicarious learning C) operant conditioning D) insight learning 47) 48) Operant conditioning operates on the principle that behaviors occur more often when they are. A) modeled B) ignored C) reinforced D) punished 48) 49) Any stimulus that follows a behavior and increases the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated is called a. A) higher-order conditioner B) reinforcer C) cue D) situational artifact 49) ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper. 50) Explain the steps involved in modifying your own behavior. (use p. 163) GIVE AN EXAMPLE, please. 6

7 Answer Key Testname: CH 5 OC (OPERANT CONDITIONING, ETC.) BIG REVIEW 1) A 2) B 3) D 4) C 5) A 6) TRUE 7) A 8) TRUE 9) C 10) TRUE 11) TRUE 12) B 13) C 14) D 15) D 16) A 17) B 18) C 19) C 20) B 21) C 22) B 23) D 24) A 25) A 26) A 27) C 28) C 29) A 30) C 31) D 32) D 33) A 34) D 35) B 36) D 37) B 38) D 39) D 40) D 41) C 42) A 43) C 44) C 45) C 46) A 47) C 48) C 49) B 7

8 Answer Key Testname: CH 5 OC (OPERANT CONDITIONING, ETC.) BIG REVIEW 50) 8