Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
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- Christine Williams
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1 Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) third most common cause of death in the developed world common cause for physical disability in older age. CVA denotes either ischaemia from occlusion of blood vessels (producing cerebral ischaemia and infarction) or haemorrhage through their rupture.
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3 Clinical features Depend on vascular territory involved. Hemisphere localized or extensive Basal ganglia level ( internal capsule and thalamus) Brainstem cerebellum Repeated small infarcts may lead to dementia or parkinsonism Hemorrhage in to the subarachnoid space may present as sudden onset severe headache associated with vomiting and neck stiffness.
4 Clinical classification Transient ischemic attack (TIA) or minor stroke or transient stroke Evolving stroke Reversible ischemic neurological deficit (RIND) Completed stroke
5 Differential diagnosis
6 TIA A signal for major stroke in future Clinical features may be hemiparesis, aphasias, sensory diturbances, transient monocular blindness (amaurosis fugax), lower cranial nerve deficit etc. Brain imaging is strongly recommended to rule out small hemorrhage. Demarcates time for implementation of secondary preventive measures
7 Completed stroke About 85% are due to infarction and remaining 15 % are due to hemorrhage. Deficit is maximum at presentation Headache vomiting, transient loss of consciousness favor hemorrhage but this distinction is arbitrary
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10 Cerebral infarction
11 Sources of thrombi Carotid bifurcarion (embolic-artery to artery) In situ formation ( thrombotic) Heart (cardioembolic- atrial fibrillation, Infective endocarditis, left ventricular failure) Sequential events after occlusion
12 Events following cerebral ischemia
13 Investigations Computed Tomographic Scans Usually demonstrates the lesion, more ever it is very useful to exclude hemorrhagic lesion. In ishemic stroke, occasionally CT may be normal in first 24 hours. Small posterior fossa or lacunar infarction may be easily missed by CT. Other imaging techniques (MRI, angiography, transcranial doppler) can be applied in selected cases. Carotid doppler ECG, echocardiogram in suspected Cardiac emboli Assessment of the risk factors for stroke: blood sugar, serum lipids, polycythemia
14 Management (1) Supportive measures (2) Antiplatelet agents (3) Thrombolysis (4) Anticoagulation (5) Secondary prevention
15 supportive measures Treat complications of bedridden patients (pneumonia, UTI, bowel and bladder care, prevention of DVT For those who are unable to swallow or tend to regurgitate or aspirate, put a nasogastric tube and start feeding. Control of the blood pressure: Continue regular anti-hypertensive drugs Don t treat new hypertension unless BP is >185/110 or ongoing TOD. Control of blood sugar, maintenance of hydration and electolyte balance Infarctions are complicated by late cerebral edema ( 3-10 days after infarction) so judicious use of mannitol, restriction of salt and water is important.
16 Anti-platelet agents Aspirin 325 mg per day Contraindicated in associated hemorrhage Active bleeding lesion (e.g. bleeding peptic ulcer) Anticoagulation Indicated in cardiac emboli in presence of atrial fibrillation or thrombus in left ventricle Start with heparin infusion continue with warfarin (target INR is 2-3) Complication : hemorrhagic transformation
17 Thrombolysis Frequently associated with hemorrhagic transformation of ischemic stroke Still can be tried if patients presents within 6 hours of onset, absence of hypertension, when CT does not show excessive low density, or there are no other obvious contraindication. Drugs that can be used are streptokinase and Rt-PA. Secondary prevention Control of risk factors Antiplatelet agent ( aspirin, ticlopidine, Dipyridamole, clopidogrel)
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