SUSTAINABLE INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION

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1 SUSTAINABLE INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION Master program: Environmental Management and Sustainable Energy Professor Maria Gavrilescu Department of Environmental Engineering and Management

2 Importance of industry Manufacturing value chain, including associated business services High industrial productivity creates wealth Manufacturing accounts for 75% of exports and 80% of R&D Industry as solution-provider helping to tackle societal challenges

3 Manufacturing industries nevertheless have the potential to become a driving force for the creation of a sustainable society. They can design and implement integrated sustainable practices and develop products and services that contribute to better environmental performance. This requires a shift in the perception and understanding of industrial production and the adoption of a more holistic approach to conducting business.

4 - adoption of more integrated and systematic methods to improve sustainability performance: has laid the foundation for new business models or modes of provision which can potentially lead to significant environmental benefits. - efforts to create closed-loop, circular production systems: have particularly focused on, for example revitalizing disposed products into new resources for production (by establishing ecoindustrial parks,where economic and environmental synergies between traditionally unrelated industrial producers can be harnessed).

5 Evolution of practices for sustainable manufacturing early 1970s: most industrialized countries adopted specific legislation based on direct regulation that resulted in a set of ambient, emission, and technology standards that were enforced through permitting systems shortcomings soon became apparent: - shifting pollution from one media to another rather than eliminating pollution, - constraining innovation, - lax or expensive enforcement, - inadequate or incorrect priority setting - high transaction costs

6 The environmental impact of industrial production has historically been dealt with by dispersing pollution in less harmful or less apparent ways. Manufacturing industries account for a significant part of the world s consumption of resources and generation of waste. Worldwide, the energy consumption of manufacturing industries grew by 61% from 1971 to 2004 and accounts for nearly a third of today s global energy usage. They are responsible for 36% of global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions

7 European sustainable consumption and production policies The great challenge faced by economies today is to integrate environmental sustainability with economic growth and welfare by decoupling environmental degradation from economic growth and doing more with less This is one of the key objectives of the European Union, but the consequences of climate change and the growing demand for energy and resources are challenging this objective

8 Action Plan on Sustainable Industrial Production and on Sustainable Consumption and Production On 16 July 2008, the European Commission proposed a list of actions for improving the overall environmental performance of products and helping consumers to buy more eco-friendly products. The Action Plan on Sustainable Consumption and Production and Sustainable Industrial Policy: presents the strategy of the Commission to support an integrated approach in the EU, and internationally, to further sustainable consumption and production and promote its sustainable industrial policy This strategy complements existing policies on energy use, notably the energy and climate package adopted by the Commission in January 2008.

9 The Action Plan on Sustainable Consumption and Production and Sustainable Industrial Policy details the planned actions: eco-design standards for a wider range of products improved energy and environmental labelling incentives rewarding eco-friendly products green public procurement work with retailers and consumers support to eco-innovation and environmental industries action to promote sustainable industry and production internationally.

10 Goals of sustainable industrial production Industrial production is a key area of human activity. Due to its multi-dimensional importance, it is strongly linked to the three pillars of Sustainable Development: economic competitiveness, social importance (employment, quality of life), environmental impact.

11 Sustainable industrial production

12 Competitive and Sustainable Production Systems in Europe The results of a 15-member independent expert group working in the frame of the Growth Programme show how research, technology development and innovation (RTD&I) policies and actions can contribute to competitive and sustainable production systems in Europe in the period to 2020.

13 De-coupling environmental impacts of products from functional performance and value-added Today the European system of production is not sustainable current trends in modernization run the risk of not leading to sustainability present EU policies and actions for Research, Technological development and Innovation (RTD&I) will have to be radically re-addressed in order to achieve sustainable production

14 Support and foster context-breaking approaches based on sufficiency Institutional, organizational and managerial deficiencies must be overcome through changes in culture and approach based on reassessment of material consumption. This will require a broader and more flexible set of policy instruments.

15 A framework based on concurrent processes in response to the present system RTD&I system generating ideas for innovative approaches in selected socio-technical systems understanding socio-technical systems resolving the barriers to change supporting enabling technologies engaging a variety of actors demonstrating and disseminating the processes and their outcomes.

16 Clear opportunity for international collaboration through co-operation with other developed industrial economies as well as with developing economies and economies in transition, involving support and commitments to capacity building towards sufficiency strategies and context-breaking pathways.

17 All these measures should change the actual industrial system structure (Fig. 3.1.) to a sustainable one (Fig. 3.2.).

18 Figure 3.1. Unsustainable model of production

19 Figure 3.2. Sustainable production model, according to Industrial ecology principles

20 Industrial ecology, in short Industrial ecology is the study of the physical, chemical, and biological interactions and interrelationships both within and between industrial and ecological systems. Industrial ecology involves identifying and implementing strategies for industrial systems to more closely emulate harmonious, sustainable, ecological ecosystems. Industrial ecology studies the interaction between different industrial systems as well as between industrial systems and ecological systems.

21 One goal of industrial ecology is to change the linear nature of our industrial system, where raw materials are used and products, by-products, and wastes are produced, to a cyclical system where the wastes are reused as energy or raw materials for another product or process. The Kalundborg, Denmark, eco-industrial park represents an attempt to create a highly integrated industrial system that optimizes the use of byproducts and minimizes the waste that that leaves the system (Fig. 3.3.).

22 Figure 3.3. Kalundborg's Industrial Symbiosis in 2001

23 RAW MATERIALS AND PRODUCTION CYCLE Natural Resources Process + Energy PRODUCTS ENVIRONMENTAL LEGAL FRAMEWORK WASTE WASTE ENVIRONMENT

24 Main paths leading towards sustainable industrial production (Some goals of Industrial Ecology): Minimizing natural resources and energy consumption Towards Zero waste production Changing production and consumption patterns

25 Minimizing natural resources and energy consumption more efficient production systems, machines, industrial processes and plants the development of extended enterprises, knowledge based supply chain and production networks, virtual manufacturing methodologies to increase overall effectiveness and making optimal use of resources

26 Towards Zero waste production modernization of industrial processes through clean production and technologies, aiming at reduction of gas emissions, effluents and solid residues contributing to climate and environment protection development of product-services through a life cycle approach.

27 Changing production and consumption patterns risk minimization with a significant improvement in working and living conditions optimization and monitoring of the life cycle aspects recovery, treatment and safe re-use of products and industrial waste

28 One example: Energy conservation Energy conservation refers to efforts made to reduce energy consumption. Energy conservation can be achieved through increased efficient energy use, in conjunction with decreased energy consumption and/or reduced consumption from conventional energy sources.

29 Non-Renewable Energy Sources Conventional Petroleum Natural Gas Coal Nuclear Unconventional (examples) Oil Shale Natural gas hydrates in marine sediment

30 Renewable Energy Sources Solar photovoltaics Solar thermal power Passive solar air and water heating Wind Hydropower Biomass Ocean energy Geothermal Waste to Energy

31 World Energy Consumption 1 Btu = joules (British thermal unit)

32 World Total Energy Consumption (Quadrillion Btu) Region/Country United States Western Europe Japan China Former Soviet Union Total World

33 World Total Primary Energy Supply in 1998 (9491 Mtoe) **Other includes geothermal, solar, wind, heat, etc.