A Thermodynamic Property of a substance is a characteristic or attribute that can be used to describe the substance.
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1 Definitions A Thermodynamic Property of a substance is a characteristic or attribute that can be used to describe the substance. An Intensive Property does not depend on the size or extent of the system (e.g., T and P). An Extensive Property does depend on the extent of the system (e.g., m and V). U - internal energy - related to T H - enthalpy (H = U + PV) - variable of convenience S - thermo property that defines the direction of processes A - Helmholtz Free energy (A = U - TS) - variable of convenience G - Gibbs Free energy (G = H - TS) - variable of convenience Convert between intensive and extensive properties by mass or moles h=h/m Gibbs Phase Rule - determines the number of intensive variables needed to specify the thermodynamic state. HINTS: Steam defined by only 1 variable (T or P) is almost always a two phase system. Steam defined by two variables (T and P) is always superheated. Quality refers to the mass fraction of vapor in a process stream. A saturated liquid has a quality of 0 while a saturated vapor has a quality of 1. The saturated liquid and vapor lines mark the transition between the two phase region and the liquid and vapor regions of the phase diagram. Lever Rule: HINTS: If in doubt, assume a quality between 0 and 1 and math will work out to show if incorrect. Thermo FE course Page 1
2 Path-dependent Properties are those that are not defined by the beginning and end states but by the path used to get there. Q -heat W - work NOTE: The signs associated with Q and W can be defined differently in some disciplines or books (especially CHE). FE exam appears to define: Q (+) when heat flows into system W (+) when system does work on surroundings Therefore, equations may differ slightly from your past courses. Heat capacity -defined as Thermo FE course Page 2
3 Balance Equations FE equations are confusing! This is because they define multiple specialized systems rather than 1 equation Mass Balance Energy Balance This balance equation can get you every other equation listed Entropy Balance Not specifically used other than to derive another useful equation which is the combination of the 1st and 2nd Laws of Thermo Thermo FE course Page 1
4 Work -again, this is confusing because the FE handout book defines too many W in Energy Balance equation contains ALL work terms Thermo FE course Page 2
5 Cycles Application of multiple balance equations around each component Thermo FE course Page 1
6 Types: Carnot Cycle - most efficient - isothermal expansion and compression Rankine Cycle - isobaric expansion and compression Stirling Cycle - vapor phase working liquid & isochoric heat exchanger Otto Engine Cycle - car engine - compress and spark plug ignites Diesel Engine Cycle - compress and auto-ignite Brayton Cycle - air planes - combines the advantages of combustion and compression cycles Thermo FE course Page 2
7 State Diagrams Thermo FE course Page 1
8 Note that during the phase transition, we see that the lines in PT diagram are the coexistence lines & that the pressure is constant if we repeat for other isotherms (draw above), we see that pressure where we have coexistence region changes. we also see that above Tc there is no coexistence region. The Volumetric EOS should be able to describe the PVT behavior of a real fluid Thermo FE course Page 2
9 Solving Thermo Problems TIPS Always use K or degree R!! P(abs) = P(atm) + P(gauge) Reference States (need to make sure that all data is taken at same reference state) Step 1: Choose a System Application of thermodynamics to any real problem, therefore, starts w/ identification of a particular body of matter as the focus of attention, known as the system. Everything outside the system is the surroundings. *point out that the boundary may be real, imaginary or a combination of both Isolated systems are those that do not change w/changes in the surroundings Adiabatic systems are those that are thermally isolated from the surroundings Closed systems are those that have no mass transfer to/from the surroundings (open systems are the opposite) Thermo FE course Page 1
10 Step 2: Write Overall Balance Equation Step 3: Cancel Out Irrelevant Terms Step 4: Determine Relevant Work Terms and Solve Thermo FE course Page 2
11 Thermo FE course Page 3
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