IGNEOUS ROCKS 9/18/2003 1/8
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1 . 9/18/2003 1/8
2 ROCKS IGNEOUS ROCKS MAGMA Most rocks are any naturally formed aggregates or masses of minerals. Other types are composed by organic matter Formed by the crystallization of magma. Natural hot melt composed by SILICATE liquids and solids and gases (mostly H CO 2 ). Minor amounts of Sulfur, Cl, and F LAVA? 9/18/2003 2/8
3 IGNEOUS ROCKS can be classified on the basis of their COMPOSITION (chemical or mineralogical) and their TEXTURE. IGNEOUS ROCKS COMPOSITION : SILICATES (SiO 4 ) The most important silicate minerals are: FELDSPAR 1. PLAGIOCLASE 2. K-FELDSPAR (ORTHOCLASE) CHEMICAL FORMULAE (NaAlSi 3 O 8 - CaAl2Si2O 8 ) (KAlSi 3 O 8 ) ELEMENTS [Ca, Na, Al] [K, Al] 3. OLIVINE ((Fe, Mg) 2 SiO 4 ) [Fe, Mg] 4. PYROXENE AUGITE ((Ca, Na) (Mg, Fe 2+ Al) (Si,Al) 2 O 8 5. AMPHIBOLE (HORNBLENDE) 6. QUARTZ (SiO 2 ) [Si] MICA 7. BIOTITE 8. MUSCOVITE (K (Mg, Fe) 3 AlSiO 3 O 10 (OH) 2 (KAl 3 AlSi 3 O 10 (OH) 2 ) [Fe, Mg with Ca, Na and Al] [hydrous Ca, Fe, Mg, Al] [hydrous K, Fe, Mg, Al] [hydrous K, Al] These minerals make up to 95% of the volume of common igneous rocks and thus are important for purposes of classification as well as in studies about their origins. 9/18/2003 3/8
4 MAGMA / ROCK TYPE MAGMA TYPE SIALIC GRANITIC OR FELSIC CHEMICAL COMPOSITION MAGMA RICH IN Si and Al Na, K PRESENT Quartz K-F. (Orthoclase) Na-Feldspar Na-Plagioclase +/- Muscovite (Felsic minerals) [LIGHT- ] GENERAL ROCK COLOR LIGHT- (light gray, creamy brown, pink) MAFIC, BASALTIC OR BASIC MAGMA RICH IN Fe, Mg, Ca (low in Si) Olivine Pyroxene Ca-Plagioclase +/- Biotite +/- Hornblende (Ferromagnesian minerals) DARK- DARK- (dark-gray, black) 9/18/2003 4/8
5 MAGMA / ROCK TYPE MAGMA TYPE SIALIC GRANITIC OR FELSIC INTERMEDIATE MAFIC, BASALTIC OR BASIC ULTRAMAFIC CHEMICAL COMPOSITION MAGMA RICH IN Si and Al Na, K MAGMA RICH IN Fe, Mg, Ca (low in Si) MAGMA RICH IN Fe, Mg, Ca (extremely low in Si) PRESENT Quartz K-F. (Orthoclase) Na-Feldspar Na-Plagioclase +/- Muscovite (Felsic minerals) [LIGHT- ] Olivine Pyroxene Ca-Plagioclase +/- Biotite +/- Hornblende (Ferromagnesian minerals) DARK- Usually composed by one mineral species Olivine Pyroxene Ca-Plagioclase GENERAL ROCK COLOR LIGHT- (light gray, creamy brown, pink) INTERMEDIATE- ( medium gray ) DARK- (dark-gray, black) DARK- (green, dark gray, black) 9/18/2003 5/8
6 BOWEN S REACTION SERIES Prediction of the mineral composition of a rock formed by solidification of magma. Based on experimental data, an order of crystallization (or nucleation) has been established (p. 44 Fig. 3.17) Discontinuous Series Continuous Series Melting Point 1200 C Olivine Ca-plagioclase \ / Pyroxene / \ / _ Hornblende / \ / Biotite / \ Na-plagioclase \ / Orthoclase feldspar Muscovite 600 C Quartz Continuous Reaction Series (Plagioclase Feldspars) Ca is preferentially taken up in plagioclase crystallizing at a high temperature (~ 1200 C). Thus, as the melt cools, the composition of the melt changes. Ca is being removed and incorporated into early-forming, high-temperature plagioclase crystals, leaving the melt depleted in Ca but relatively enriched in Na. Plagioclase crystallized at lower temperatures is consequently richer in Na. Discontinuous Reaction Series Minerals crystallize from the melt but subsequently react with the remaining melt as the temperature changes to form new minerals e.g. Olivine crystallizes at high temperature (~ 1200 C), but as the remaining melt cools, the olivine crystals become unstable and react with the melt to form a new mineral group (pyroxenes). Both the continuous and discontinuous series occur simultaneously as a melt cools (or as a rock heats up), giving rise to different mineral assemblages in rocks formed at different temperatures. Exactly which minerals form depends on the starting composition of the magma and the rate of cooling. 9/18/2003 6/8
7 TEXTURE Refers to the geometrical aspects of the component particles (minerals) of a rocks. These include SIZE, SHAPE, and ARRANGEMENT or CONTACT RELATIONSHIPS among particles. TYPE OF TEXTURE PHANERITIC (equigranular) DESCRIPTION Individual crystals can be seen be the naked eye Macroscopic SIZE OF THE CRYSTALS Barely visible to more than one inch in length Interlocking mosaic of crystals RATE OF COOLING Magmas cooling slowly. Crystallize at one position within the earth s crust ROCK TYPE / ENVIRONMENT Plutonic or Intrusive APHANITIC (equigranular) Individual crystals very small. They cannot be detected without the aid of a microscope Microscopic In thin sections under the microscope you can see crystals and sometimes glass Massive or structure less Magmas cooling rapidly PORPHYRITIC PORPHYRITIC- PHANERITIC PORPHYRITIC -APHANITIC Has two distinct crystal sizes Has two distinct Groundmass crystal sizes, both (smaller crystals) seen with the naked Phenocrystals eye (larger crystals) Has two distinct crystal sizes Aphanitc Groundmass Phaneritic Phenocrystals If a magma moves upward during its crystallization the rates of cooling will change, producing different crystal sizes Two rates of cooling. Slow then fast Intrusive or Plutonic When phenocrystals are abundant the rock may look with a phaneritic texture 9/18/2003 7/8
8 TYPE OF TEXTURE GLASSY VESICULAR AMIGDULAR DESCRIPTION Similar to ordinary glass Presents vesicles Filled vesicles SIZE OF THE CRYSTALS Very few microscopic crystals. Mostly glass WHERE THEY DEVELOP Reflects extreme rapid rate of cooling in absence of gases Formed by the expansion of a bubble of gas or steam during the crystallization of the rock ROCK TYPES Massive units or threadlike mesh similar to spun glass Small cavities in an aphanitic or glassy rock. Formed PYROCLASTIC Broken angular fragments of rock material Pumice, glass, broken crystals <4 mm tuff >4 mm volcanic breccia 9/18/2003 8/8
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