Chemistry Common Benchmark Assessment Study Guide

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1 Chemistry Common Benchmark Assessment Study Guide Topics: Measurements- tools and metric system Properties of matter- mass, volume, density, weight Changes in physical and chemical properties Atomic theory, models and Periodic Table Types of Matter Review Questions: Metric system and Measurement 1. A graduated cylinder is used to measure liquid volume. 2. A balance is used to measure mass. 3. A spring scale is used to measure weight. 4. What is mass? The amount of matter 5. What is weight? The force of gravity on the mass of an object. Measured in Newtons 6. How do you find the volume of a liquid? Graduated cylinder (ml) 7. How do you find the volume of a block? LxHxW (cm 3 ) 8. How do you find the volume of a rock? Water displacement (new ml-orig ml) 9. A balloon has a mass of 50 grams on Earth. What happens to its mass on the moon? same 10. A balloon has a weight of 20 Newtons. What happens to it weight on the moon? Less since the gravity on the moon is much less 11. Basic units of measurements Unit What it measures Instrument gram Mass Balance meter Length or distance Ruler Graduated cylinder/ruler cm 3 or ml volume

2 12. Metric prefixes Prefix Meaning (factor) Kilo 1000 hecto 100 deka 10 deci 0.1 centi 0.01 milli Mnemonic for metric system conversion King Henry Died (unit) Drinking Chocolate Milk kilometer hectometer dekameter meter decimeter centimeter millimeter liter gram , ,000 4,000, Convert the following units a. 2.7 m = km b mm = cm c. 4 km = 4,000,000 mm d. 0.2 mm = m 15. The formula for density is D=M/V. 16. What is density (in words)? The amount of mass in a certain volume 17. What is the density of water? 1 g/ml or 1 g/cm What is the density of a cube with a side of 10 cm and a mass of 10 grams? Will the cube float or sink in water? 10cm x 10cm x 10cm = 1000cm 3 10 g/1000cm 3 =0.01g/cm 3

3 Structure of the Atom and Periodic Table: 1. Draw an atom of Neon (using the Bohr model). Label. 2. Fill in the chart with the missing information: Element Symbol Atomic Number Number of Protons Number of Neutrons Number of electrons Sodium Na Carbon C Sulfur S Oxygen O Chlorine Cl Mass Number 3. How many valence electrons would these elements have: 1 hydrogen 7 chlorine 1 sodium 4. How many atoms are in the following molecules? 2 O 2 2 CO 3 KMnO 5. Rows on the Periodic Table are called periods. 6. Columns are called families or group. 7. Metals are to the left of the stairs. 8. Non-Metals are to the right. 9. Hydrogen is the only non-metal on the left.

4 10. Family 1 is called the alkali metals. 11. Family 2 is called the alkaline earth metals. 12. Families 3-12 are the transition metals. 13. Family 14 is called the Carbon family. 14. Family 15 is called the Nitrogen family. 15. Family 16 is called the Oxygen family. 16. Family 17 is called the Halogens. 17. Family 18 is called the Noble gases. 18. Which families are most reactive? Alkali metals and the halogens 19. Which non-metal family is most reactive? Halogens, Family Why are the Noble Gases un-reactive? They have a full valence shell 21. What are 3 properties of metals? Malleable, Ductile, Conductive 22. What are 3 properties of non-metals? Nonconductive, not ductile, not malleable 23. The elements are arranged in order by their atomic number. 24. The Bohr model is also called the Planetary model because: nucleus in the center and electrons orbiting like the planets in the solar system 25. What is our most important metalloid? silicon 26. What determines the reactivity of each family on the periodic table? Electrons in the valence shell- full valence is stable and unreactive 27. Periods on the periodic table all have what in common? Properties change in similar manners from left to right

5 28. Draw an electron dot diagram for each element below: Carbon Neon Potassium Chemical and Physical Changes of Matter: 1. List 10 physical properties. a. shape f. density b. color g. melting/boiling point c. texture h. conductivitiy d. taste i. luster e. mass, volume j. dimensions 2. List 2 chemical properties flammability, reactivity 3. Imagine somebody eating an apple. Describe 3 physical changes that would happen to the apple in this process. Chewing breaks the apple into smaller pieces, the apple goes from a solid to a liquid and the texture changes as a result. 4. In the question above, where would chemical changes occur to the apple? What happens to the molecules of the apple? Enzymes in the mouth and stomach help to break down the molecules in the apple and change the arrangement of the atoms 5. If a snowman melts into a puddle, are there physical or chemical changes occurring? Explain why you think so. Physical only-the H 2 0 molecules are still the same, the phase is the only change 6. What are reactants? The compounds and/or elements that are changed in a chemical reaction.

6 7. What are products? The resulting compounds and elements in a chemical reaction. 8. What is the law of conservation of mass? Matter cannot not be destroyed or created 9. If an atom gives away an electron is becomes a positive ion. 10. If an atom gains an electron it becomes a negative ion. 11. Metals and non-metals join with an _ionic bond. 12. When do covalent bonds form? How are they different than ionic bonds? They share electrons when the valence shells need electrons. Ionic bonds involve the transfer of electrons between metals and nonmetals 13. Identify if the compound below contains ionic or covalent bonds: a. O 2 covalent_ b. CO _covalent c. NaCl _ionic_ 14. Stable atoms have a full outermost energy level or shell. 15. To become stable atoms can gain, lose, or transfer electrons. 16. The electrons in question 15 are called valence electrons. 17. How is it possible to make a safe edible compound from 2 poisonous elements? Chemical reactions rearrange atoms into compounds with completely different properties. 18. If 200 grams of ice melts, how many grams of water will be created? 200g 19. If 200 grams of hydrogen gas react with 150 grams of oxygen gas, then how many grams of water will be produced? 350g 20. How is a mixture different than a substance? How can a mixture be separated? Mixtures are 2 or more substances that are not chemically bonded and each retains its original properties (salt and water). Substances are pure forms of matter with definite chemical composition and properties. Mixtures can be separated by filtration, evaporation, melting/boiling points, distillation, magnetism.

21. Identify the following as element, compound, or mixture: a. compound_ glucose b. element oxygen c. compound carbon dioxide d. _compound water e. mixture pizza f. mixture salt water 22.

7 21. Identify the following as element, compound, or mixture: a. compound_ glucose b. element oxygen c. compound carbon dioxide d. _compound water e. mixture pizza f. mixture salt water 22. Draw pictures that represent the following: a. element in form of atoms b. element in form of molecules c. compound d. mixture of element and compound 23. If a candle is burning, will the Law of Conservation of Mass still be true? What is an open system vs. a closed system? Why is it important to have a closed system to prove the Law? Yes, if there is a closed system where the gas produced is collected, then the Law can be proven. In an open system, the gas cannot be measured since it is not collected. 24. Identify the following as a physical or chemical change P freezing water C photosynthesis C glow stick P salt dissolved in water C a burning log C CO 2 released from pop rocks 25. Draw the chemical equation for each reaction below: Photosynthesis: Cellular Respiration:

8 26. Energy and Chemical Reactions: a. Endothermic reaction- a reaction that requires an input of energy examples- photosynthesis, ice packs b. Exothermic reaction- releases energy in the form of heat and light example- cellular respiration, glow sticks, combustion, CaCl 2 and baking soda reaction Scientific Method 1. independent variable-the variable that is changed by the scientist in the experiment 2. dependent variable- the variable that is measured/ changes as a result of the independent variable 3. constant variable- parameters that are kept constant 4. control- the set up in the experiment that is the standard to which other set ups will be compared. Example: Experiment tests how temperature affects how fast alka seltzer dissolves. IV =temperature DV = dissolving time Constant variables = size of tablet, amount of liquid Control= standard set up (warm water as per directions on box, or tap water)

Chapter 5 TEST: The Periodic Table name

Chapter 5 TEST: The Periodic Table name HPS # date: Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. The order of elements in the periodic table is based