Managing Winter Season Damage To Trees MN/DOT CERTIFIED LANDSCAPE SPECIALIST CLASSES 2017

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1 Managing Winter Season Damage To Trees MN/DOT CERTIFIED LANDSCAPE SPECIALIST CLASSES 2017

2 Prepare Protect Recover

3 Part 1 - What Exactly Is Winter Season Damage To Trees?

4 Categories Of Winter Season Damage Or Death Roots Cambium Buds Foliage Wood (xylem)

5 What Kills Roots? Lack Of Soil Moisture Too Much Soil Moisture

6 Anything Else? Deicing Salts (chloride) Oh Yes, Cold Temperatures

7 Q: How Do Dry Soils Result In More Damage To Roots In The Winter?

8 Q: How Do Water-logged Soils Result In More Damage To Roots In The Winter?

9 What s So Bad About Salt? Chloride Ion is Toxic to Root Tissues Causes Water Imbalance in Roots Increases Stress Retards Growth Above Ground Over Time, Makes Soil More Alkaline

10 Cold Soil Temperatures And Root Death Soil Temperatures Between Fahrenheit: Death of Fine Roots

11 Cold Soil Temperatures And Root Death Soil Temperatures Between 0-15 Fahrenheit: Death of Secondary (cord) Roots

12 Cold Soil Temperatures And Root Death Soil Temperatures Between Fahrenheit: Death of Branch Roots

13 What Kills Or Damages Cambium?

14 The Cambium Killers Early Cold Temperatures (before mid-december) Late Cold Temperatures (after early April) Unseasonal Warm Spells Followed By Cold Temperatures Water Deficiency (within cells and between cells) Critters

15

16 Winter Season Damage To Buds Deicing Salt Spray

17 Winter Season Damage To Buds Cold Temperature Extremes

18 Winter Season Damage To Foliage Deicing Salt Southern Exposure

19 Winter Season Damage To Foliage Desiccation

20 Winter Season Damage To Bark And Wood aka, Frost Cankers Damage Bark and Cambium

21 What s A Frost Canker? Irregular Cell Death In Living Bark ONLY Damages The Living Bark Problem With Young, Thin-barked Trees Often Mislabeled As Sun Scald Only Occurs In Winter

22 What s Sunscald? Irregular Cell Death In Living Bark ONLY Damages The Living Bark Problem With Thin Bark, Shade Bark Due To Sudden Exposure Of Thin Bark To Sun Problem If Tree Is Severely Pruned Or At Higher Elevations (e.g. mountains) Occurs Primarily In Summer

23 Winter Season Damage To Bark And Wood aka, Frost Cracks Damage Wood

24 What s A Frost Crack? Crack In Wood (xylem) Of A Tree Sometimes Crack Goes Completely Through Water-stressed Trees More Vulnerable Starts At Previous Trunk Wound Some Healthy Trees Seal Over Wound And Form Ribs Or Seams

25 Mid Way Review: Damage Due To Water-stressed Trees Deicing Salts Unusually Cold Temperatures Wind - Desiccation Southern Sun Exposure - Desiccation

26 Part 2 What s Unusually Cold? Depends On When.

27 Do All Tree Parts Take Cold Temperatures Equally? No. Roots LEAST Cold Hardy Then Cambium Then Evergreen Foliage Then Wood Then Flower Buds Vegetative Buds MOST Cold Hardy

28 What s The Most Cold Hardy Plant In Minnesota?

29 Red Twigged Dogwood Of Course!

30 Part 3 Winter Season Mechanical Damage

31 Most Common Sources Of Mechanical Damage Loading Events: Ice Storms (greater than ¼ inch of ice) Snow Loads (primarily early and late winter) Animal Damage: Rabbits Voles Deer Other

32 Loading Event Damage - Predictable 1. Weak Species 2. Multiple Leaders 3. Included Bark 4. Decay

33 The Worst? More Than 1/4 Ice With Wind

34 Animal Damage: Rabbits Above Snow

35 Animal Damage: Voles Below Snow

36 Animal Damage: Deer Stem Damage

37 Animal Damage: Deer - Foliage

38 Managing Winter Season Damage Prepare Autumn Watering Mulching Root Zone Protect Prevent Trunk Wounds Trunk Protection Screening Sprays Recover

39 Preparing Trees Water Throughout Autumn Until Frost* Mulch Root Zone With About 4 Inches Wood Chip Mulch**

40

41 Protection: Trunk

42 Protection: Foliage - Screens

43 Protection: Exclusionary Fencing

44 Protection: Foliage And Branch Support

45 Protection: Animal Deterrent Products

46 Recovery Watering Throughout Next Season Most Important Prune Out Dead Wood Do Not Fertilize If Roots Damaged Replace With Plants Not Prone To Damage Salt Tolerant Species Like Ohio Buckeye Better Structured Trees Like Northern Pin Oak More Drought Tolerant Species Like Honeylocust

47 The End GARY JOHNSON UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA

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