Paleoanthropology Laboratory
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1 ANTH 2105 NAME Human Nature Winter 2017 Paleoanthropology Laboratory This assignment is intended to sharpen your skills of observation and classification, give you a general picture of basic trends in human evolution, and test your grasp of other issues in paleoanthropology. There is a laboratory phase and a homework phase. Relevant background reading is in chapters 9-12 in Marks, chapters 10 & 11 in Park, and the Powers of Two article by Blake Edgar. Laboratory Phase: On the lab tables are 35 numbered skulls that cover the full range of human evolution. All specimens are adult hominids. Your task is to sort the specimens into the 8 categories described in lecture. Ape (chimpanzee and bonobo) and modern human skulls are available for comparison. Based on lecture and reading you should have some familiarity with the basic qualitative morphological criteria that are most useful for sorting fossil skulls into species. You know that defining species in the fossil record can be a messy exercise that involves "juggling" several different criteria simultaneously. You also need to be aware that hominids at the early end of human evolution were mildly sexually dimorphic. Homework Phase: The homework phase of the assignment asks you to construct a phylogeny of human evolution and answer two other questions about the human evolutionary record. This assignment is due Monday, February 27. LABORATORY PHASE I. Skull Taxonomy: Please assign each numbered skull to one or another of the taxonomic groupings listed below, and briefly explain why you created the groups that you did; i.e., what morphological features distinguish each skull as a member of the group to which you assigned it? (70 Points). A. Earliest Hominids Sahelanthropus: PLEASE HANDLE THE SKULLS VERY CAREFULLY! Ardipithecus ramidus:
2 B. Basal Biped Australopithecines, including A. afarensis (Lucy s species) and Kenyanthropus platyops. Try to distinguish these two genera. 2 A. afarensis: Kenyanthropus: C. Later Australopithecines: A africanus (Taung Baby s species) D. Paranthropus, the Dental Adaptation. Try to distinguish the three known species. P. aethiopicus: P. boisei: P. robustus:
3 3 E. Early Homo, the Mental Adaptation: H. habilis; H. rudolfensis F. Later Homo (multiple species are described in Park, including H. ergaster, H. erectus, H. heidelbergensis, and H. floresiensis). G. Homo neanderthalensis:
4 H. Modern Homo sapiens (will not look exactly like the modern human skull available for comparison) 4 I. Piltdown Man is in the mix! Which skull is it, and why this one? II. Skull ambiguity: Some skulls are clearly ambiguous in terms of their morphology, and thus can conceivably be placed into more than one species. Please identify the four (4) skulls that were most difficult for you to classify (i.e., the ones that drove you crazy), and briefly explain why they were difficult. (4 Points)
5 HOMEWORK PHASE 5 III. Hominid Phylogeny: On the timeline below, please: (a) Locate where the 8 groups identified above and the Last Common Ancestor to humans and chimps would fall in time using the dates or date ranges provided in your reading (use the symbols A-H, and LCA). (b) Indicate ancestor-descendant relationships by drawing lines connecting the appropriate symbols. Paleoanthropologists have several ways of doing this; construct something that makes sense to you based on your reading. Also, indicate extinction points of genera/species where appropriate. (c) Show the lines leading to Pan (modern chimpanzee and bonobo). (Total 12 Points.) Advice: I m asking you to construct a human evolutionary tree or phylogeny. Prepare a draft phylogeny on a separate sheet of paper and then, when you are happy with it, transfer it to this page. Make the tree neat, clean, and legible! I d advise you to work with a pencil! Years Ago Present , , , , , million million million million million million million million
6 6 IV. Hominid Evolution: On separate sheets of paper please TYPE DOUBLE-SPACED answers to the following questions and attach your answers to this lab. Provide no more than a one page answer for each question. Use your assigned texts: chapters 9-12 in Marks, chapters 10 & 11 in Park, and the Powers of Two article by Blake Edgar (14 points.) A. Origin of the First Humans Question: What model (scenario) strikes you as providing the most reasonable explanation for why bipedal hopeful monsters appeared and survived? (6 points.) B. Origin of Modern Humans Question: What s the nature of the debate as concerns the origin of our species, modern Homo sapiens? How do the Neanderthals figure in this debate? Which position in the debate strikes you as most reasonable and best supported by the available evidence? (8 points.)
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