BIOLOGY 111. CHAPTER 3: Life's Components: Biological Molecules
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1 BIOLOGY 111 CHAPTER 3: Life's Components: Biological Molecules
2 Life s Components: Biological Molecules 3.1 Carbon's Place in the Living World 3.2 Functional Groups 3.3 Carbohydrates 3.4 Lipids 3.5 Proteins 3.6 Nucleic Acids
3 Biological Molecules: Carbon s place in the living world Chemical Formulas Chemical Formulas are often used to show which atoms make up specific molecules Propane Methane Letters are used to indicate specific atoms, and lines represent chemical bonds to other atoms
4 Biological Molecules: Carbon s place in the living world Chemical Formulas The number and types of atoms in a molecule determine its chemical properties. Formulas reveal this information Propane Methane The Chemical Properties of a molecule are also determined by the number and arrangement of electrons.
5 Life s Components: Biological Molecules: 3.1 Carbon's Place in the Living World 3.2 Functional Groups 3.3 Carbohydrates 3.4 Lipids 3.5 Proteins 3.6 Nucleic Acids
6 Biological Molecules: Carbon s place in the living world Organic Chemistry: Organic Chemistry is the chemistry of molecules that use carbon, (C), as their central, structural building block Propane Methane Carbon has 4 valence electrons, so it will always want to gain 4 more electrons by forming chemical bonds.
7 Biological Molecules: Carbon s place in the living world Organic Chemistry: Organic Chemistry is the chemistry of molecules that use carbon, (C), as their central, structural building block Carbon has 4 valence electrons, so it will always want to gain 4 more electrons by forming chemical bonds.
8 Life s Components: Biological Molecules 3.1 Carbon's Place in the Living World 3.2 Functional Groups 3.3 Carbohydrates 3.4 Lipids 3.5 Proteins 3.6 Nucleic Acids
9 Life s Components: Biological Molecules 3.1 Carbon's Place in the Living World 3.2 Functional Groups 3.3 Carbohydrates 3.4 Lipids 3.5 Proteins 3.6 Nucleic Acids
10 Life s Components: Biological Molecules 3.2 Functional Groups
11 Biological Molecules: Types of Biological Molecules Hydrocarbons: Hydrocarbons only have Hydrogen and Carbon atoms. Hydrocarbons have NO functional groups Propane Methane Hydrocarbons tend to be Nonpolar molecules they do not mix well with water.
12 Biological Molecules: Types of Biological Molecules Hydrocarbons: Hydrocarbons only have Hydrogen and Carbon atoms. Hydrocarbons have NO functional groups Propane Methane If functional groups are added to hydrocarbons, other types of molecules can be formed
13 Biological Molecules: Functional Groups The Carboxyl Group (-COOH) is found on fatty acids and amino acids
14 Biological Molecules: Functional Groups The Carboxyl Group (-COOH) is found on fatty acids and amino acids Fatty Acid Amino Acid
15 Biological Molecules: Functional Groups The Hydroxyl Group (-OH) is found on Carbohydrates and Alcohols Carbohydrate Alcohol
16 Biological Molecules: Functional Groups The Amino Group (-NH 2 ) is found on amino acids Amino Acid
17 Biological Molecules: Functional Groups The Phosphate Group (-PO 4 ) is found on Nucleic acids and ATP ATP Nucleic Acid
18 Life s Components: Biological Molecules 3.1 Carbon's Place in the Living World 3.2 Functional Groups 3.3 Carbohydrates 3.4 Lipids 3.5 Proteins 3.6 Nucleic Acids
19 Life s Components: Biological Molecules 3.1 Carbon's Place in the Living World 3.2 Functional Groups 3.3 Carbohydrates 3.4 Lipids 3.5 Proteins 3.6 Nucleic Acids
20 Biological Molecules: Monomers and Polymers Monosaccharaides, amino acids and nucleotides are all monomers that can exist in polymer chains.
21 Biological Molecules: Monomers and Polymers Monosaccharaides, amino acids and nucleotides are all monomers that can exist in polymer chains.
22 Biological Molecules: Carbohydrates: Carbohydrates have Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H) and Oxygen (O) atoms. Are a primary source of energy Can be used to store energy Can be used for structural purposes in cells Carbohydrates are usually polar Glucose
23 Biological Molecules: 3.2 Functional Groups Carbohydrates: Can exist as monomers (monosaccharides) or polymers as (polysaccharides)
24 Biological Molecules: Carbohydrates: Simple Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides and Disaccharides Monosaccharides: (best available energy sources) Glucose Fructose Disaccharides: (when 2 monosaccharides are connected) Sucrose Maltose
25 Biological Molecules: Monosaccharides and Disaccharides Formation of a disaccharide
26 Biological Molecules: Carbohydrates: Complex Carbohydrates: (polymers with 3 or more sugars) Primarily used for energy storage or cellular structures Starch Glycogen Cellulose
27 Biological Molecules: Carbohydrates: Complex Carbohydrates: (polymers with 2 or more sugars)
28 Biological Molecules: Carbohydrates: Complex Carbohydrates: (polymers with 3 or more sugars) Starch Produced by plants Used to store energy (sugars) Rice, Potatoes and Grains
29 Biological Molecules: Carbohydrates: Complex Carbohydrates: (polymers with 3 or more sugars) Glycogen Produced by animals (animal starch) Used to store energy (sugars) Eventually broken down into simple sugars
30 Biological Molecules: Carbohydrates: Blood Sugar: Glucose, Glycogen and Insulin When blood glucose levels rise, and the pancreas secretes insulin. Insulin causes liver cells to build glycogen from glucose monomers When glucose levels fall, insulin secretion is reduced Glycogen synthesis stops. When energy is needed glycogen is broken down into glucose.
31 Biological Molecules: Carbohydrates: Complex Carbohydrates: (polymers with 3 or more monomers) Cellulose Produced by plants and other organisms Cellulose is primarily structural Most abundant carbohydrate on Earth Combined with Lignin, it can form cell walls in plants
32 Biological Molecules: Carbohydrates:
33 Life s Components: Biological Molecules 3.1 Carbon's Place in the Living World 3.2 Functional Groups 3.3 Carbohydrates 3.4 Lipids 3.5 Proteins 3.6 Nucleic Acids
34 Biological Molecules: Lipids: Store Energy,used to make Hormones and Structures Non-polar (don t dissolve in Water) NOT made up of component monomers (like proteins, DNA, & carbos) Made up of Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen BUT have more hydrogen and less oxygen than carbohydrates Examples Fats, Oils, Cholesterol, Hormones
35 Biological Molecules: Lipids: Glyceride Lipids Triglycerides Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids Phospholipids
36 Biological Molecules: Lipids: Glyceride Lipids Triglycerides Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids Saturated Monounsaturated Polyunsaturated
37 Biological Molecules: Lipids: Glyceride Lipids Triglycerides Triglycerides are a type of fat (lipid) found in your blood. When you eat, your body converts some of the calories it doesn't need right away into triglycerides. The triglycerides are stored in your fat cells.
38 Biological Molecules: Lipids: Glyceride Lipids (what do they look like?) Made up of a Glycerol Head and Fatty Acid Tails May have from 1 to 3 Fatty Acid Tails hooked to hydroxyl (OH - ) groups Fatty Acid
39 Biological Molecules: Lipids: Glyceride Lipids Made up of a Glycerol Head and Fatty Acid Tails May have from 1 to 3 Fatty Acid Tails
40 Biological Molecules: Lipids: Glyceride Lipids Made up of a Glycerol Head and Fatty Acid Tails Triglyceride
41 Biological Molecules: Lipids: Glyceride Lipids Triglycerides Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids Phospholipids
42 Biological Molecules: Lipids: Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids Saturated Fatty Acids have no doublebonds between carbon atoms of the Fatty Acid Chain The Saturation is from the many Hydrogen atoms More Double Bonds, means fewer Hydrogen atoms
43 Biological Molecules: Lipids: Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids Monounsaturated Fatty Acids have one double-bond between carbon atoms of the Fatty Acid Chain (Kinks)
44 Biological Molecules: Lipids: Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids have more than one double-bond between carbon atoms of the Fatty Acid Chain (Kinks) Mono and Polyunsaturated fatty acids have fewer hydrogen atoms so carbon atoms need to form double bonds to keep 4 chemical bonds
45 Biological Molecules: Lipids: Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids Glyceride Lipids Better for Cardiac Health Polyunsaturated Fats Monounsaturated Fats Saturated Fats Trans Fats (hydrogenated fats) Worse for Cardiac Health
46 Biological Molecules: Lipids: Glyceride Lipids Triglycerides Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids Phospholipids
47 Biological Molecules: Lipids: Phospholipids Have a Glycerol Head Have 2 Fatty Acid Chains Has a nonpolar fatty acid region (nonpolar) Has a (-) charged Phosphate group (makes the head polar) Phospholipids make excellent barriers (animal cell membrane)
48 Biological Molecules: Lipids: Phospholipids Have a Phosphate Head Have 2 Fatty Acid Chains
49 Biological Molecules: Lipids: Phospholipids Are an essential part of the cell membrane Polar heads orient towards the water inside and outside a cell
50 Biological Molecules: Lipids: Phospholipids Are an essential part of the cell membrane Polar heads orient towards the water inside and outside a cell This creates a Phospholipid Bilayer
51 Storage and Use of Carbohydrates and Lipids
52 Biological Molecules: Carbon s place in the living world 3.1 Carbon's Place in the Living World 3.2 Functional Groups 3.3 Carbohydrates 3.4 Lipids 3.5 Proteins 3.6 Nucleic Acids
53 Biological Molecules: Monomers and Polymers Monosaccharaides, amino acids and nucleotides are all monomers that can exist in polymer chains.
54 Biological Molecules: Monomers and Polymers Monosaccharaides, amino acids and nucleotides are all monomers that can exist in polymer chains.
55 Biological Molecules: Proteins Amino Acid Monomers Chains of Amino Acids make up proteins There are 20 different Amino Acids Different arrangements of amino acids make different proteins
56 Biological Molecules: Proteins Amino Acid Monomers Chains of amino acids are called polypeptides. Proteins are polypeptides that fold up in a specific three dimensional manner that is biologically active
57 Biological Molecules: Proteins Amino Acid Monomers Chains of amino acids are called polypeptides. Proteins are polypeptides that fold up in a specific three dimensional manner that is biologically active
58 Three-Dimensional Shape in Molecules Molecular shape is very important! If the shape is changed at all, the molecule may lose its function Example: Hemoglobin Hydrogen Bonds also play a huge role in the final shape of molecules.
59 Biological Molecules: Proteins Proteins Made of chains of Amino Acid monomers (Polypeptides) Polypeptide Chains fold into Proteins Primary structure is determined by the sequence of Amino Acids Final structure is created by folding which is guided by the sequence of the Amino Acids in the chain. Examples: Enzymes, Structural Proteins
60 Biological Molecules: Types of Proteins Enzymes Hormones Transport proteins Contractile Protective Structural Storage Toxins Communication
61 Biological Molecules: DNA and RNA 3.1 Carbon's Place in the Living World 3.2 Functional Groups 3.3 Carbohydrates 3.4 Lipids 3.5 Proteins 3.6 Nucleic Acids
62 Biological Molecules: DNA and RNA 3.6 Nucleic Acids Made up of monomer building-blocks called Nucleotides (4 different types) Nucleotide polymers form chains called DNA or RNA Humans have about 3 billion nucleotides in their DNA
63 Biological Molecules: DNA 3.6 Nucleic Acids Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) DNA is the primary information bearing molecule of life DNA is the CODE that determines which Amino Acids will be liked together during Protein Synthesis DNA generally forms Double Strands that are packaged in units called Chromosomes
64 Biological Molecules: DNA 3.6 Nucleic Acids DNA has two strands of Nucleotides The Strands are mirror images of each other, or complimentary Complimentary means that each nucleotide can only pair with one other nucleotide (A s pair w/ T s / G s pair w/ C s)
65 Biological Molecules: Carbon s place in the living world 3.6 Nucleic Acids Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) RNA is involved in Protein Synthesis Also has 4 different nucleotides (very similar to DNA)
66 Biological Molecules: Biological Molecules Summary
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