The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules. Chapter 5
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1 The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules Chapter 5
2 The Molecules of Life Living things made up of 4 classes of large biological molecules (macromolecules) : 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic acids Molecular structure and function are linked Unique, emergent properties
3 Macromolecules are polymers, built from monomers polymer -long molecule of many building blocks monomers - single unit Sucrose
4 The Diversity of Polymers Each cell has thousands of different macromolecules built from monomers Macromolecules vary among cells, among species, and between species
5 Carbohydrates serve as fuel and building material Carbohydrates = sugars and sugar polymers Monosaccharides = single sugars Ex. glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) major fuel for cells raw material for building molecules
6 Sugars often form rings (in aqueous solution) (a) Linear and ring forms (b) Abbreviated ring structure
7 Disaccharide = two sugars Ex. lactose, sucrose, maltose
8 Polysaccharides Polysaccharides - polymers of sugars = starch storage and structural roles The structure and function of a polysaccharide are determined by its sugar monomers and the positions of glycosidic linkages
9 Storage Polysaccharides Starch plants store starch Glucose polymer Glycogen Animals store glycogen (glucose polymer) Humans in liver and muscle cells
10 Chloroplast Starch Mitochondria Glycogen granules 0.5 µm 1 µm Amylose Glycogen Amylopectin (a) Starch: a plant polysaccharide (b) Glycogen: an animal polysaccharide Amylose - unbranched Amylopectin - branched Glycogen is more branched than starch
11 Structural Polysaccharides Cellulose =component of tough wall of plant cells polymer of glucose (glycosidic linkages differ from starch) The difference is based on two ring forms for glucose:
12 Enzymes digest cellulose in some animals Cows, termites, have symbiotic relationships with microbes that digest cellulose In humans, cellulose is indigestible fiber Mastigophoran, anaerobic, methane
13 Chitin in the exoskeleton of arthropods and in fungi (a) The structure (b) Chitin forms the (c) of the chitin exoskeleton of monomer. arthropods. Chitin is used to make a strong and flexible surgical thread. Cicada exoskeleton
14 Lipids are hydrophobic Lipids - fats, phospholipids, steroids Triglyceride = 3 fatty acids joined glycerol
15 Saturated fats maximum number of H possible (no double bonds) Solid at room T (animal fats) Unsaturated fats one or more double bonds Liquid at room T (plant, fish oils) (a)
16 Coronary artery disease associated with diet rich in saturated fats
17 Hydrogenation process of converting unsaturated fats to saturated fats by adding hydrogen Extends shelf life, prevents oil separation Ex. margarine, peanut butter
18
19 The good news: Fats store energy (adipose cells) Cell membranes need lipid Lipid cushions and insulates
20 Steroids Steroids Ex. estrogen, testosterone Cholesterol Steroid in animal cell membranes Synthesized in the liver
21 Proteins Proteins = more than 50% of dry mass of cells Protein functions structural support collagen pigment - melanin transport - hemoglobin cellular communications movement defense against foreign substances-antibodies
22
23 Enzymes All are proteins catalyst speeds up chemical reactions reusable specific to each reaction essential to life Heat or chemicals may denature animation
24 Polypeptides Polypeptides polymers built from set of 20 amino acid building blocks may be a few or thousands long protein one or more polypeptides has a function
25 Peptide Protein
26
27 Protein Structure and Function proteins consists of one or more polypeptides twisted, folded, and coiled into unique shape Groove Groove (a) A ribbon model of lysozyme (b) A space-filling model of lysozyme
28 sequence of aa determines a 3D structure structure determines function Antibody protein Protein from flu virus
29 Four Levels of Protein Structure Primary structure =unique sequence of amino acids
30 Secondary structure = coils and folds helix and pleated sheet H-bonds Example: spider silk β pleated sheet Strong as steel Stretchy α helix
31 Tertiary structure determined by interactions between amino acids hydrogen bonds ionic bonds hydrophobic interactions disulfide bridges (covalent bonds)
32 Tertiary structure
33 Quaternary structure two or more polypeptide chains may form one macromolecule ex. hemoglobin activity α Chains β Chains Hemoglobin
34 A patient with sickle cell disease
35 Denaturation of proteins Denaturation Loss of protein structure biologically inactive ph, heat, chemicals
36 The Roles of Nucleic Acids Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) replicates prior to cell division contains codes for proteins (genes)
37 Nucleic acids hold a code Gene unit of inheritance code for protein primary structure composed of DNA
38 The Structure of Nucleic Acids Nucleotides Nitrogenous bases Pyrimidines G,A,T,C building blocks (monomers) Pyrimidines (cytosine, thymine, and uracil) Cytosine (C) Thymine (T, in DNA) Purines Uracil (U, in RNA) Purines (adenine and guanine) Adenine (A) Guanine (G) (c) Nucleoside components: nitrogenous bases
39 Nucleotides contain sugar DNA deoxyribose RNA ribose (ribonucleic acid) Sugars Deoxyribose (in DNA) Ribose (in RNA) (c) Nucleoside components: sugars
40 Sugar phosphate backbone DNA Polymers
41 The DNA Double Helix A DNA molecule has 2 strands that form double helix hydrogen bonds between: adenine (A) thymine (T) guanine (G) cytosine (C) DNA replication Before a cell divides
42 DNA, Proteins and Evolution DNA is inherited Cell to cell Parent to offspring Closely related species more similar in DNA sequence than more distantly related species Human/human 99.1 % Human/chimp 98.5% Molecular biology used to assess evolutionary relatedness
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