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1 November 17, 2009
2 Agenda Topic 2: Case Study: The GSM Network 1 GSM System General Architecture 2 GSM Access network. 3 Traffic Models for the Air interface 4 Models for the BSS design. 5 UMTS and the path towards 4G 6 UMTS cell design
3 Study Case for GSM A very important point in the study of a GSM system is the the network planning which is divided into Radio Network Planning,Access Network Planning and Core Network planning. However there is another important point which is to know about how the network works. We will focus on: Interfaces Traffic Cases Core Network Configurations
4 UM Interface: Radio The Um interface is the interface between the MS and the BTS. Here the communication is carried out using radio waves. The frequencies band for GSM are shown in the figure.
5 UM Interface: Radio As you remember in the GSM system the BW is 200 KHz then we have: 124 pairs of carriers in the GSM 900 band 374 pairs of carriers in the GSM 1800 band pairs of carriers in the GSM 1900 band Each carrier is divided into eight Times Slots (TS). A TS has a duration of 3/5200 seconds (577 ms). Eight TSs form a TDMA frame, with approximately 4.62 ms duration. Note: We are in a synchronous system, so the frames has to be aligned in the uplink and in the downlink;
6 UM Interface: Radio The following figure shows the Um frame. This structure, and the synchronous feature of the GSM system makes that if the mobile wants to use the same time slot for the uplink and the downlink it has to transmit and to receive simultaneously. To avoid this, the uplink frame is delayed three time slots (TS)
7 Um Interface: Radio
8 Frames Structure I think that in this point is important to make a break to study the GSM Frame Structure As you can suppose the synchronous feature of the system does not end in the basic frame. At higher levels the frames are grouped into Signalling Multiframes (MF51) or Traffic Multiframes (MF26) depending on the content of the time slots. 26 MF51 or 51 MF26 compound a Superframe Superframes form a Hiperframe which is the maximum period. Note that a Hiperframe has = frames, which means 1566 s. This structure is performed in this way to handle with the different speed of the channels.
9 Um Interface: Radio
10 Um Interface: Logical Channels The Radio Interface between the MS and the BTS is structured using logical channels. The figure shows the division of the channels.
11 Um Interface: Logical Channels Logical channels can be separated into two categories: Traffic and signaling/control channels. There are two forms of Traffic CHannels (TCH): 1 Full rate TCH (TCH/F). 2 Half rate TCH (TCH/H)). Signaling channels are subdivided into three categories: 1 Broadcast CHannels, BCH 2 Common Control CHannels, CCCH 3 Dedicated Control CHannels, DCCH
12 Um Interface: Broadcast Channels Frequency Correction CHannel (FCCH): Allow the MS to synchronize to the frequency. Only downlink on carrier 0 in TS 0. Synchronization CHannel (SCH)The MS needs to synchronize to the time-structure within this particular cell. Listening to the SCH, the MS receives information about the frame number of the chosen BTS. Only downlink on carrier 0 TS 0. Broadcast Control CHannel (BCCH)The MS must receive some general information concerning the cell in order to start roaming, waiting for calls to arrive or making calls. Only downlink on carrier 0 in TS 0.
13 Um Interface: Common Control Channels Paging CHannel (PCH) At certain time intervals the MS listens to the PCH to check if the network wants to make contact with the MS for an incoming call or an incoming short message. Is downlink on TS0. Random Access CHannel (RACH) When the MS is being paged, it replies by requesting a signaling channel on the RACH. RACH can also be used if the MS wants to contact the network. RACH is transmitted uplink on TS0 Access Grant CHannel (AGCH) To grant the access to the mobile, the networks assigns a signaling channel (the Stand alone Dedicated Control CHannel, SDCCH) to the MS. This assignment is performed on the AGCH. AGCH is transmitted downlink on TS0.
14 Um Interface: Dedicated Control Channels Stand alone Dedicated Control CHannel (SDCCH) The call set-up procedure is performed on this channel as well as all the signalling over the connection done by the MS and the BTS SDCCH is transmitted both uplink and downlink. Slow Associated Control CHannel (SACCH) The SACCH is associated with SDCCH or TCH (i.e. sent on the same physical channel). On the uplink, the MS sends averaged measurements on its own BTS (signal strength and quality) and neighboring BTSs (signal strength). On the downlink, the MS receives information concerning the transmitting power to use and instructions on the timing advance. SACCH is transmitted both uplink and downlink. Fast Associated Control CHannel (FACCH) If a handover is required the FACCH is used. FACCH works in stealing mode meaning that one 20 ms segment of speech is exchanged for signaling information necessary for the handover.
15 Um Interface: Channel Combinations Only certain combinations of logical channels are permitted according to the GSM recommendations. 1 TCH/F + FACCH/F + SACCH/TF 2 TCH/H(0.1) + FACCH/H(0.1) + SACCH/TH(0.1) 3 TCH/H(0) + FACCH/H(0) + SACCH/TH(0) + TCH/H(1) 4 FCCH + SCH + BCCH + CCCH 5 FCCH + SCH + BCCH + CCCH + SDCCH/4(0...3) + SACCH/C 4(0...3) 6 BCCH + CCCH 7 SDCCH/8(0...7) + SACCH/C 8(0...7) item Where CCCH = PCH + AGCH + RACH
16 Um Interface: Channel Combinations, FCCH + SCH + BCCH + CCCH
17 Um Interface: Channel Combinations, SDCCH + SACCH
18 Um Interface: Channel Combinations, SDCCH + SACCH
19 Um Interface: Protocol Stack Our next step is to analyze the protocol stack in the interfaces of the Access Radio Network Note that as it is shown in the figure, each interfaces has two faces, and the functions may not be the same in both sides.
20 Um Interface: Um Air Interface Now from the side of the Mobile Station
21 Um Interface: Um Air Interface Now from the side of the Base Station
22 Abis Interface: Introduction It is the interface between the BTS and the BSC. The physical level is implemented by 2Mbps links following the recommendation G.703 of the GSM. The links are composed by 32 channels of 64 Kbps. There are only three feasible configurations. 1 BTS with a single TRX. 2 BTS with several TRX and a single link to the BSC 3 BTS with several TRX each one with a particular link to the BSC.
23 Abis Interface: Channels There are two types of channels in the Abis Interface. Communication Channels 1 Traffic Channels: With speeds of 8, 16 or 64 Kbps, they carry voice or data of the corresponding traffic channel. Considering that the TCH has a maximum speed of 13 Kbps, with four channels, there is a remaining capacity in the digital circuit of 12 Kbps. This remaining capacity is used for synchronization between the BTS and a network element named TRAU. 2 Signalling Channels: With Speeds of 16, 32 or 64 Kps, they carry user signalling information of MS, BTS and BSC.
24 Abis Interface: Channels For the signalling in the Abis interface the protocol of layer 2, LAPD. In each LAPD message, in the addressing field there is the BTS the message refers to. The specification defines the following logical links. 1 Radio Signalling Link (RSL): Used for message interchange about the traffic management procedures between the MS and the network. There is a RSL per TRX of the BTS. 2 Operation and Management Link (OML): Used for management information exchange. There is a OML per TRX and BCF. 3 Layer 2 Management Link: It is the management link of layer 2. There is a OML per TRX and BCF.
25 Abis Interface: Abis from the BTS
26 Abis Interface: Abis from the BSC
27 Conclusion At this point we have ended a very hard part that deals with the inner and deeper part of the GSM access network, protocols, channels and frame structure Our next step is dedicated to try to understand how the network works in a limited set of important scenarios.
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