Key Concepts. Elements, Atoms, Isotopes etc. Chemical formulas, Chemical bonds. Solutions, Concentrations, ph. Organic Chemistry / Biochemistry
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1 Developed by John Gallagher, MS, DVM Or, Chemistry class in one lecture! Key Concepts Elements, Atoms, Isotopes etc. Chemical formulas, Chemical bonds Solutions, Concentrations, ph Organic Chemistry / Biochemistry
2 The number of protons and neutrons in a nucleus of an atom constitutes the A. Atomic weight B. Atomic number C. Atomic mass D. Nuclear number
3 The bond between an oxygen and a hydrogen in a water molecule is a(n) A. Non-polar covalent bond B. Polar covalent bond C. Hydrogen bond D. Ionic bond
4 Deuterium and Tritium are examples of A. elements B. Ions C. Buffering compounds D. Isotopes E. None of these
5 Element = Building block of matter Contains only atoms with same # of protons Periodic Table of the Elements (See also Fig 2-2) In human: 11 major essential elements COHNSPMgKCaFe + trace elements Organic Chemistry = Chemistry of Carbon
6 Structure of Atoms (AKA elements) Fig 2-3 Some Terminology: Atomic Number Atomic mass Ion Isotope Fig 2.1
7 Isotopes = Atoms of an element that have different numbers of neutrons. Same Atomic Number, variable Atomic Mass Most common Much rarer Heavy water =?
8 Some isotopes are unstable: Radioisotopes 3 types of radiation: 1. radiation protons and neutrons 1. (If protons are emitted, the element changes!) 2. radiation - electrons 3. radiation: high energy waves, not particles More stable atom of same element
9 Nuclear Medicine: use of radioisotopes in diagnosis & treatment of disease. and radiation 127 I is normal iodine 131 I has 4 extra neutrons Medical Imaging? Treatment?
10 Importance of Electrons in Ion formation = gain or loss of electrons Bond formation between atoms molecules Energy capture & transfer Free radical formation Physiology Ions are often called electrolytes!
11 Chemical Bonds Ionic: electrons pulled from one atom to another: Na + and Cl - Covalent: electrons shared equally: C --- C Hydrogen: weak attraction between H atoms and O, N, and Fl. Causes surface tension in water. Van der Waal s forces: weak attractions between nuclei of atoms
12 Ionic Bonding Fig 2-4
13 Important Ions in Physiology cations anions
14 Covalent bond: Water The electrons are shared equally If two electrons are shared, that is a double bond.
15 Polar covalent molecule Non-polar covalent molecules Consequence: ions and polar molecules dissolve well in water
16 Hydrogen bonds = weak attraction between H and nearby O, N or F. Critical for protein structure Hydrogen bonding of H 2 O leads to important characteristics: Liquid at RT Universal solvent for polar molecules Temp. buffer / frozen water less dense Capillary action Surface tension
17 Solutions, concentrations and ph will be covered in lab. Refer to textbook when doing the lab exercises.
18 The atomic mass of an atom indicates the average total number of A. Protons B. Neutrons C. Electrons D. Protons and neutrons E. Protons and electrons
19 Elements that have full outer shells of electrons A. Will form many compounds B. Will normally form anions C. Will normally form cations D. Frequently form hydrogen bonds E. Are inert, and don t bond readily with other atoms
20 When a molecule is referred to as polar, it means that A. The positive and negative charges of the molecule are unevenly distributed B. The molecule has ionized and now carries a charge C. The molecule is likely to dissolve in water D. A and C are true E. A, B, and C are true
21 Organic Chemistry / Biochemistry Biomolecules ( = organic molecules associated with living organisms) 1) Protein 2) Fat (lipid) 3) CHO 4) Nucleotides 2 common features of biomolecules?? Carbon Backbone Presence of C, H, O
22 Functional Groups = partial molecules. Frequently occur in biological molecules. Moved around as a single units. Often make a big difference in the strength or function of a molecule
23 Which of the following statements about proteins is false? A. All proteins are enzymes B. A given protein may contain over twenty different amino acids C. The tertiary structure of a protein results from interactions between its amino acids D. Proteins are gigantic polypeptides E. All of the above statements are true.
24 Which of the following nucleotide bases in DNA can form H-bonds with the base adenine? A. Thymine B. Uracil C. Guanine D. Cytosine E. Both A and B
25 Carbohydrates See Fig 2-7 Basic formula? (see name!!) Monosaccharides examples?? Disaccharides examples?? Polysaccharides examples?? = simple sugars = complex CHOs
26 Fig 2-13: Monosaccharides Fructose Glucose = Dextrose Galactose Disaccharides Sucrose Maltose Lactose Function?? Fig 2-7
27 Polysaccharides Function? Storage! Why is it better to store polysaccharides than monosaccharides for future energy use?
28 Lipids Most diverse group of biomolecules Solid at room temp = fat; liquid at RT = oil Contain much less O 2 than CHOs Often long chains of C 4 categories: Fatty Acids can be (un)saturated Mono-, di-, and triglycerides Phospholipids (polar) Steroids Eicosanoids (prostaglandins et al.) Functions?
29 Unsaturated (mono- & polyunsaturated) fats are liquid at room temp. Trans fats have added hydrogen (hydrogenated) (p 29) Triglycerides: 3 FA + Glycerol Saturated Unsaturated Polyunsaturated
30 Phospholipids
31 Steroids Cholesterol decreases cell membrane permeability to small water-soluble molecules. Function?
32 Names of the 2 functional groups? Proteins Made up of amino acids Amino = - NH 2 Peptide oligopeptide polypeptide protein Most versatile of biomolecules in structure and function Learn these
33 Globular protein This picture illustrates the hydrophobic core of protein ras p21 The backbone is colored purple, and the hydrophobic residues are colored green. All the hydrophilic residues in the protein are colored yellow.
34 Combination Molecules Lipoproteins Glycoproteins Glycolipids in cell membranes and carriers for hydrophobic molecules (e.g.?) in cell membranes (stability, receptors, markers)
35 Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids A C G T U ATP, ADP, camp, FAD, NAD Differences of DNA and RNAs Function information storage info and energy transmission
36 complementary basepairing
37 Chromatin = DNA + proteins Euchromatin = active Heterochromatin = inactive
38 Some Nucleotides are Involved in Energy Transfer ATP ADP NAD & FAD or Info Transfer camp
39
40 A polypeptide consists of 100 amino acids. How many peptide bonds does it contain? A. 50 B. 100 C. 99 D. 101 E. Impossible to say without knowing the exact amino acid composition
41 Each of the following is a function of proteins except one. Identify the exception. A. Support and structure B. Transport C. Carrying of messages D. Body defense E. Storage of genetic information
42 A fatty acid that contains three double bonds in its carbon chain is said to be A. Saturated B. Monounsaturated C. Polyunsaturated D. Hydrogenated E. carboxylated
43 Magnesium atoms have two electrons in the outermost shell and chlorine atoms have seven. The compound magnesium chloride would contain A. 1 magnesium and 1 chlorine B. 1 magnesium and 2 chlorine C. 2 magnesium and 1 chlorine D. 2 magnesium and 7 chlorine E. Impossible to tell without more info
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Biological Molecules I won t lie. This is probably the most boring topic you have ever done in any science. It s pretty much as simple as this: learn the material deal with it. Enjoy don t say I didn t
Introduction, Noncovalent Bonds, and Properties of Water
Lecture 1 Introduction, Noncovalent Bonds, and Properties of Water Reading: Berg, Tymoczko & Stryer: Chapter 1 problems in textbook: chapter 1, pp. 23-24, #1,2,3,6,7,8,9, 10,11; practice problems at end