Lefkosia 30 June
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1 Dutch Lawful Interception and Retained Data Situation Dutch Ministry of Justice Koen Jaspers Lefkosia 30 June
2 Ministry of Justice Challenges: How can we keep up with the Internet? Monitoring facilities, Social Networks, Nomadic Users, Service and Access How to keep education in pace? Detectives, Prosecutor and Court How should we (re)define provider? How to keep standards in pace? How can a Broker be successful? Will encryption make LI useless? Lefkosia 30 June
3 Overview History Legal frame work Standardisation process Architectural Approach & Projects Lessons Learned & Challenges Lefkosia 30 June
4 Dutch LI &DR History Article Provider(s) have to cooperate on lawful interception Government requests and pays implementations GSM act 93 GSM providers have to pay for LI implementation Other networks fall still under article 64 Telecommunication Act 98 All providers have to pay for LI implementation Internet becomes telecommunication Data Retention Act 2009 Limited to EU Data Retention Directive Lefkosia 30 June
5 Dutch LI History Fixed Telephony 70 s access based 2003 service based Mobile networks Early 90 s analogue networks, service based Mid 90 s GSM, service based Internet 2001 Access: dial up, xdsl, Hot spots, GPRS/UMTS , VoIP Lefkosia 30 June
6 Dutch DR History Till 2004 Provider stored information (could go back to the start of service) Many formats Good & poor accessible (electronic and micro fiches) Mainly Fixed & Mobile Telephony networks 2004 to 2009 EU Privacy Directive in place Information necessary for business provider Fixed & Mobile Telephony networks 3 to 7 months Internet very limited From September 2009 Telephony and Internet one year Limited practical implementations Lefkosia 30 June
7 Dutch Legal Framework Involved Acts Code of Criminal Procedure Permitted for investigations State Security acts Permitted for security & intelligence Telecommunication Act LI & DR Obligations providers Lefkosia 30 June
8 Dutch Legal Framework Involved Acts Mirror paragraphs Obligation vs Permission Telecommunication Act 98, chapter 13 Code of Criminal Procedures Intelligence Service Act Lower Regulation Limitative Obligations and Permissions Lefkosia 30 June
9 Dutch Legal Framework Levels of Privacy Intrusion Directory Numbers vs Names Traffic analyses numbers target/victim GSM, PSTN, , IP-access location Calls made at base stations near location crime Lawful Interception target/victim Lefkosia 30 June
10 Dutch Legal Framework Code of Criminal Procedure Lawful Interception for what: Crimes > 4 years imprisonment (no bail) Life threatening situations Finalise investigation, evidence guilty not guilty Lawful Interception procedure: Warrant by Prosecutor, checked by Judge Commissioner Proportional: intrusion privacy vs crime? Subsidiarity: other less intrusive tool? Lefkosia 30 June
11 Dutch Legal Framework Code of Criminal Procedure Retained Data for what: Investigating serious crimes Finding relations, suspects, proof Retained Data procedure: Warrant by Prosecutor (afterwards checked by Judge Commissioner) Proportional: intrusion privacy vs crime? Subsidiarity: other less intrusive tool? Lefkosia 30 June
12 Dutch Legal Framework Code of Criminal Procedure Numbers vs Names for what: Criminal Investigations Finding relations number with persons Finding provider for Lawful Intercept Numbers vs Names procedure: Demand by senior Investigator (under responsibility of leading prosecutor) Lefkosia 30 June
13 Dutch Legal Framework Code of C. P. Boundaries All information also available for defence (public!) Information can only be used in the investigation it was requested for After final prosecution the information must be deleted LI is not a tracing tool, location only at start of communication Lefkosia 30 June
14 Dutch Legal Framework Telecommunication Act 98 What: all pubic telecommunications networks and services, includes Internet Interceptable at the start of service Cost Providers pay for the investment and maintenance Law Enforcement pays personnel & administrative cost for actual intercepts Lefkosia 30 June
15 Dutch Legal Framework Telecommunication Act 98 Enforcement (ch. 13) by Telecommunication Agency (MoE) Functional requirements on WHAT to deliver Details on parameters Available in core network No influence on network services or architecture Detailed technical specification on HOW to deliver After consultation with the providers the government decides Lefkosia 30 June
16 Dutch Legal Framework Functional Requirements Trigger for Lawful Interception: Fixed: Directory number(s) Mobile: MSISDN, IMEI, IMSI Internet: IP address, MAC, username, address Lefkosia 30 June
17 Dutch Legal Framework Functional Requirements Intercept Related Information: Fixed & mobile: from-, to-, redirected address, TS&BS as available Mobile: target MSISDN, IMEI, IMSI and location (at start of communication) Internet: log on and log off information (signalling not separated from content) All time stamped Lefkosia 30 June
18 Dutch Legal Framework Functional Requirements Content of Communication: Fixed: from-, to-, redirected (associated) content Mobile: from-, to-, redirected (associated) content speech, fax, data, SMS, GPRS, MMS, UMTS-CS/PS Internet Access: from- and to target from and to s Lefkosia 30 June
19 Dutch Legal Framework Functional Requirements Security: Reliability personnel & environment provider No access for third parties, Not noticeable for users service No visibility among LEA s and investigations Quality Delivery as good as the target service (or better) Audits possible Quantity Up to three independent LEA s on one target Multiple targets to best practice Lefkosia 30 June
20 Dutch Legal Framework Functional Requirements Activation intercept immediately Normally same day (business hours), Emergency within hour(s) (also outside business hours) Delivery intercept IRI as soon as available (normally seconds) Circuit switched (voice) undelayed (< 1 sec) Packet switched (data) within seconds Lefkosia 30 June
21 Standardisation Process 70 s: Information: subscriber line, access based Delivery PTT developed lease line LI protocol GSM 1993: Information ETSI Service based Delivery JTS national development (government & providers) based on ISDN Telephony 2000 Information ETSI service based Delivery ETSI ETSI-nl (ISDN/X.25) Internet 2000 Information packet copies Delivery national development (government & providers) TIIT Lefkosia 30 June
22 Standardisation Process National LI standards: Limited in features Late with implementing new services Poor detailed knowledge Telecommunications (& LI) no longer a national thing: International standards mandatory by EU No national functionality (economically) possible (e.g. GSM) LI is no longer a national matter International approach International requirements: IUR 95 Participation in international LI standards Lefkosia 30 June
23 Standardisation Process International LI standards: In line with Core Industry road maps In phase with primary services, future services Access to experts and developers Inform industry on LI requirements on future services National awareness of future services Lefkosia 30 June
24 Standardisation Process Which standards to participate in? ITU: framework/models, political, ETSI: GSM till 90 s, European, LI history, LI supportive 3GPP: GSM, UMTS, LTE, (ETSI) LI history, LI supportive IETF: IP development, free services, non government supportive WiMax: will it take of nationally? LI supportive IEEE: ETSI TC-LI: Open for Work Items IP Retained Data Dynamic Triggering Lefkosia 30 June
25 Standardisation Process National use of International LI standards: Representation in the international standards Incorporate (national) requirements Prepare national hooks Feed back omissions National adaptation National working group Technical and legal Fix options Add national features (e.g. security, transport) ETSI-x.nl Done: Fixed & Mobile Telephony ETSI : ETSI-nl Prepared: Internet ETSI : ETSI-ip.nl In preparation: Retained Data ETSI : ETSI-dr.nl Lefkosia 30 June
26 Architectural Approach & Projects Early 90 s One provider Service: Telephony Many Law Enforcement Agencies Many simple Monitoring Facilities Mid 90 s Many providers Many services: PSTN, GSM, SMS, UMTS, IP, Cable, xdsl, Many Law Enforcement Agencies Many too simple Monitoring Facilities Lefkosia 30 June
27 Architectural Approach & Projects Telecommunication Act 98 Li organised for all providers Organisation on government side the next bottleneck Coordination needed: Centralisation Investments Centralisation Expertise Broker Function(s) Lefkosia 30 June
28 Architectural Approach & Projects Platform Interception Decryption Signal analysis (PIDS, 2000) Cooperation on: Ministries, policy Law Enforcement Agencies, Intelligence Agencies Central point for providers International contacts Projects Lefkosia 30 June
29 Architectural Approach & Projects Central Subscriber Database (CIOT, 2000) Number portability Sub set of all Subscriber databases every 24 hours Access to the relation of Provider Name, Address Service Identifier (phone number, IMSI, IMEI, IP address, address) Service Subscription Information Lefkosia 30 June
30 Architectural Approach & Projects Many Monitoring Facilities Fast developing services (e.g. GSM, IP) Limited local expertise Limited budgets Chaotic relations LEAs vs Providers Broad bandwidth in Quality Lefkosia 30 June
31 Architectural Approach & Projects Concentration Monitoring Facilities (ULI, I&SS, 2004) Broker function LEAs, Providers Expertise centre Manageable level of technical facilities Central gateways for delivery (telephony & IP) Limited number of analysis facilities Local access to enhanced information Lefkosia 30 June
32 Architectural Approach & Projects Electronic warrant Current paper (fax) warrant Verification, Complete, Correct Manual processes Legislation in preparation ETSI TC-LI work item Tools available Lefkosia 30 June
33 Lessons Learned & Challenges Concentration monitoring facilities limits the bandwidth in quality. On the lower but also at the upper side. Should all technical analysis be centralised? IP still not under control Diversity in services Fast development Social networks Poor commercial LI products To much information for the investigator How to transcribe or how to bring it to court Lefkosia 30 June
34 Lessons Learned & Challenges How to define provider Where ends telecommunication and starts application All (IP) providers must be interceptable but do we address all providers with warrants Broker function Phonebook & Monitoring facilities Retained Data Non telecommunication market Expertise Education and Knowledge level of average detective To little specialised Digital Detectives Lefkosia 30 June
35 Lessons Learned & Challenges Service and Access unbound: Dynamic Triggering Typical example VoIP Telephony Service provider and Access Provider separate Service provider no access to the content Access Provider no relation to the service Nomadic subscriber No legislation yet ETSI TC-LI work item Enforcement of standards and versions Encryption: Provider Involved vs full End to End Lefkosia 30 June
36 Thank you! Questions? Lefkosia 30 June
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