Solutions To Course Guide for Test #1: Statistics 1024

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1 Solutions To Course Guide for Test #1: Statistics 1024 Practice Exam Questions A1. To display the distribution of grades on a statistics test (A, B, C, D, F), it would be correct to use: a) a bar graph b) a bar graph or a pie chart c) a histogram d) a stemplot The answer is b) because both pie charts and bar graphs can be used for categorical data. A2. A study of 5000 university graduates recorded the sex of the graduates, the total university debt and the average annual salary of the university graduates. Which of the following is true? a) sex, university debt and annual salary are all categorical variables b) sex, university debt and annual salary are all quantitative variables c) sex is a categorical variable and university debt and annual salary are quantitative variables d) sex is a quantitative variable and university debt and annual salary are categorical variables The answer is c). A3. The following marks were obtained on a mathematics quiz: 34, 56, 78, 89, 23, 66, 65, 77, 99 To make a stemplot of these data, you would use stems: a) 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 b) 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 c) 20, 30, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 d) 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 You must include all stems, even if there are no data in them a) can not be correct because 20 on the left of the line and 3 on the right, would mean 203 and not 23 as required. The answer is b).

2 A4. The following stemplot represents the marks of some statistics students on the first test. The stems are whole percents in tens and the leaves are percents in ones. What is the outlier? a) 3.1% b) 31% c) 4% d) 40% The answer is b). A5. An M&M s chocolate fan is interested in studying the colour distribution of the sugar coating of the chocolate candies. He opens a bag of M&M s chocolate candies and classifies the candies according to the colour of the coating. Which of the following are true? I) The colour of the sugar coating is a categorical variable II) A bar graph can be used to display the distribution of the colour variable III) A pie graph can be used to display the distribution of the colour variable a) I b) II c) III d) all of I,II, III e) II and III The answer is d).

3 A6. Environmental Protection Agency regulations require automakers to give the city and highway gas mileages for their cars. Here are the highway mileages (miles per gallon, MPG) for 15 car makes. Make MPG Make MPG Make MPG BMW 23 Ford 27 Mazda 30 Buick 29 Honda 28 Mercedes-Benz 22 Chevrolet 27 Hyundai 27 Nissan 26 Chrysler 27 Infiniti 22 Rolls-Royce 15 Dodge 27 Lexus 23 Toyota 28 Which of the following graph(s) is (are) appropriate for displaying the distribution for the gas mileage variable? Check the most appropriate answer. (i) bar chart and histogram (ii) bar chart and boxplot (iii) stemplot and histogram (iv) pie chart The answer is (iii).

4 A7. Harris recently installed a spam filter software, but he still saw spam s in his inbox. He made a daily record of the number of spam s that were delivered to his inbox over the past 20 days. The following is a frequency histogram for his data. The frequency refers to the number of days. Histogram of spam data 6 5 frequency # spam s Harris also plotted a stemplot for the data. Which of the following is a correct stemplot for his data? Check only one answer. (i) Stemplot A (ii) Stemplot B (iii) Stemplot C A B C The answer is (i), Stemplot A.

5 A8. A consumer recorded the price of a loaf of DiBaggio Italian bread at her local supermarket each week in The data are presented in a histogram below: Frequency The distribution displayed above would be described as bimodal. True or false? False. There is only one peak Weekly Price of DiBaggio loaf, Price ($) A9. Given the following pie graph, about what percent of the people travel by car? Cars 52% Therefore, 52% travel by car.

6 A10. A survey was conducted in an undergraduate mathematics course. The students were asked their: i) age (in years) ii) height (in metres) iii) present major (Math, Chemistry, Physics, Sociology, Psychology, Music, Business, Art, Other iv) amount of student loans at the present time (in dollars) v) present annual salary (in dollars) vi) plans after graduation (Masters, Work, Undecided) Which of the above are categorical variables and which are quantitative variables? Age, height, amount of student loans and present annual salary are quantitative variables. Present major and plans after graduation are categorical variables. A11. The marks in a statistics course containing 10 students are given below: Which of the following is true? a) the distribution is right-skewed b) the lowest mark is 54 % c) the second highest mark is 83% d) all of the above The answer is d).

7 Practice Exam Questions B1. Calculate the mean, median and mode of the following marks: 34, 44, 67, 98, 78, 56, 66, 78, 88, 67, 50 Mode- occurs most often...therefore, 67 and 78 (bi-modal) Median- Write numbers in ascending order and take the middle # which is , 44, 50, 56, 66, 67, 67, 78, 78, 88, 98 Mean= 66 B2. Benjamin has four tests all worth 25% each. Benjamin received three marks on tests: 70, 80, and 90. If Benjamin receives an 80 on the fourth test, which of the following is true about his average mark? a) the median mark will change, the mean mark will stay the same b) the mean mark will change, the median mark will stay the same c) the mean mark and the median mark will both increase d) the mean mark will increase, and the median mark will stay the same e) both the median and the mean remain the same Originally, the numbers are 70, 80, 90 Median= 80 (middle # when written in ascending order) Mean= 80 After adding another mark of the numbers are 70, 80, 80, 90 Median= 80 Mean= The answer is e). 80

8 B3. Samuel had four tests in a mathematics course. He scored 80, 75 and 90 on three of the tests and his average on all four tests was What was the mark on the fourth test? x = 315 x = x= Therefore, the mark on the fourth test was 70. B4. A consumer recorded the price of a loaf of DiBaggio Italian bread at her local supermarket each week in The data are presented in a histogram below: Which of the following is the most likely value of the mean of the prices recorded? (i) $1.80 (ii) $1.90 (iii) $2.00 (iv) $2.10 (v) $2.20 Let X be the price of a loaf. Then the mean of X is E( The answer is (iii). Frequency X ) x Weekly Price of DiBaggio loaf, xp( x) Price ($) B5. Given the data below, what is the median and the mean?

9 The numbers represented by the stemplot are 54, 56, 62, 63, 65, 68, 71, 74, 83, 92 Median= 66.5 Mean= 68.8 B6. Which of the following statements is true? (i) When the distribution is skewed to the left, mean > median > mode. (ii) When the distribution is skewed to the right, mean < median < mode. (iii) When the distribution is symmetric and unimodal, mean = median = mode. (iv) When the distribution is symmetric and bimodal, mean = median = mode. The answer is (iii). Think of the Normal distribution as an example. B7. Find the mean and median given the following stemplot In ascending order, the numbers are 31, 52, 54, 56, 63, 64, 65, 71, 73, 76, 82, 84, 86, 88 Median= 68 Mean= 67.5

10 Practice Exam Questions C1. Which of the following is false? a) the standard deviation is resistant measure b) the median is a resistant measure c) the quartiles are resistant measures d) the five number summary is a resistant measure a) is false. C2. The mean of a sample is zero. Which of the following must be true? (Choose all that apply.) (i) The sample standard deviation is zero. (ii) The sample variance must be nonzero. (iii) The IQR is zero. (iv) The sample total is zero. (v) The sample median is zero. 1 Since x n n x i i1, if 0 n x then x 0. The answer is (iv). i1 i C3. If the observations in a data set are all equal, then (i) the variance of the data set equals 0. (ii) the mean of the data set equals 0. (iii) the IQR of the data set equals 0. (iv) both (i) and (iii). (v) both (ii) and (iii). IQR= Q3 - Q1 = 0 since all data are the same number Mean = whatever # all of the data are Variance = 0 There is no dispersion in the data. The answer is (iv).

11 C4. Environmental Protection Agency regulations require automakers to give the city and highway gas mileages for their cars. Here are the highway mileages (miles per gallon, MPG) for 15 car makes. Make MPG Make MPG Make MPG BMW 23 Ford 27 Mazda 30 Buick 29 Honda 28 Mercedes-Benz 22 Chevrolet 27 Hyundai 27 Nissan 26 Chrysler 27 Infiniti 22 Rolls-Royce 15 Dodge 27 Lexus 23 Toyota 28 Sketch a boxplot for the highway mileage data (the observations have been arranged in ascending order for you). Use the scale provided when you draw the plot. Show your calculations below the plot. 15, 22, 22, 23, 23, 26, 27, 27, 27, 27, 27, 28, 28, 30, 30 mileage per gallon mileage per gallon min Q 1 Q 2 Q 3 max min 15, max 30 ; 15 1 th The number of observations is n 15 (odd), so the median is the 8 observation Excluding the median, the upper half of the data is: 27, 27, 27, 28, 28, 30, 30; Q median of the above list Excluding the median, the lower half of the data is: 15, 22, 22, 23, 23, 26, 27; Q median of the above list IQR Q Q ; 3 1 Q 1.5 IQR 35.5 ; Q 1.5 IQR

12 The observation 15 is below 15.5, so it is an outlier. The second smallest observation is 22, and it is not flagged by the outlier rule. C5. Harris recently installed a spam filter software, but he still saw spam s in his inbox. He made a daily record of the number of spam s that were delivered to his inbox over the past 20 days. The following is a frequency histogram for his data. The frequency refers to the number of days. 6 5 Histogram of spam data frequency # spam s (a) Which of the following is a correct statement about the distribution of the spam data? Check only one answer. (i) The distribution is roughly symmetric, and the mean is about the same as the median. (ii) The distribution is skewed, and the mean is larger than the median. (iii) The distribution is skewed, and the mean is smaller than the median. (ii) The distribution is skewed to the right, so the mean is larger than the median. (b) What is the percentage of days over the past 20 days that Harris received fewer than 50 spam s? Check only one answer. (i) 16% (ii) 19% (iii) 50% (iv) 80% % 80%. The answer is (iv). 20

13 (c) What is the third quartile of the number of spam s? Use the stemplot you have chosen in part (a) to answer this question. Check only one answer. (i) 23 (ii) 25 (iii) 47 (iv) 48 The upper half of the data set that is above the median consists of the data points 37, 41, 42, 44, 47, 49, 55, 56, 80, The third quartile is the median of the above list: Q The answer is (iv). (d) Identify any outliers in the data set using the stemplot you have chosen in part (a). It is given to you that the IQR is 23. There are no outliers in the lower end (the distribution does not have a long left tail). Q 1.5 IQR Since , the data point 105 is an outlier, the only outlier in the data set. (e) Which of the following pairs of summary statistics best describe the centre and the spread of the number of spam s received daily? Check only one answer and explain briefly. (i) mean and standard deviation (ii) mean and IQR (iii) median and IQR (iv) median and variance Both the median and IQR are insensitive to outliers, so in the presence of outliers (105), we should report these two summary statistics. The answer is (iii).

14 C6. Calculate the mean, median, range, IQR, and sample standard deviation of the following data set. Find any outliers, if they exist. 24, 46, 49, 51, 64, 64, 67, 81, 88, 89, 97, 103 If we look, we can see that the data is in order. There are 12 data points, so the median is the average of the 6 th and 7 th data points. Q 1 is in between the 3 rd and 4 th data points, and Q 3 is between the 9 th and 10 th data points. Q 1 50 median 65.5 Q Range IQR We can use the formulas above to calculate the mean and sample standard deviation: x s ( ) 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 11 2 ( ) We now check for outliers: Q IQR (38.5) Q IQR (38.5) 7.75 Since no data point is above or below -7.75, there are no outliers in the data set.

15 C7. A very hardworking chemist performs a chemical reaction 36 times, but he does not seem to be very satisfied with the outcome (so he might do more!). He weighs the yield of the reaction every time and sends the weight data to his statistician friend. This friend uses a stemplot to display the weights (measured in grams) from the 36 reactions (a) Describe the shape of the distribution of the weights of the chemical yields. Unimodal (one peak). Asymmetric skewed to the left. Has a suspected outlier ( 155 g ). (b) The chemist later realizes that he has made a mistake when entering the data. The smallest yield of his 36 reactions should be 195 grams instead of 155 grams. Based on the wrong data, his statistician friend calculates the mean weight to be 218 grams. (i) Find the correct value of the mean weight. With the wrong data: x With the correct data: x grams 36 36

16 (ii) How will the values of the following summary statistics change after the data correction is made? Choose your answer from the following list: I. The value becomes smaller after the correction is made. II. The value becomes larger after the correction is made. III. There is no change in the value after the correction is made. Summary Statistics Your answer is (I, II or III?) median IQR standard deviation 75 th percentile Summary Statistics median III IQR III standard deviation I 75 th percentile III C8. Calculate the mean, median, mode, range, standard deviation and variance of the following marks: 50, 65, 70, 55, 80, 95, 35, 65, 80 Write the numbers in ascending order: n=9 35, 50, 55, 65, 65, 70, 80, 80, 95 Mode=65 Median=middle # = 5th number = 65 Mean= 66 Range= max - min= = 60

17 Make a chart to find the standard deviation: C9. Find the five-number summary and draw a box-plot for the following list of marks: 55, 76, 88, 56, 77, 89, 66 55, 56, 66, 76, 77, 88 Min= 55 Max= 88 Q1= 56 Q3=77 Median= 71

18 C10. If a distribution is skewed to the right, which of the following is true? a) the mean is equal to the median b) the mean is less than the median c) the mean is greater than the median d) the mean and the mode are equal The answer is c). C11. What percentage of the observations in a distribution lie between the first quartile and the third quartile? a) 25% b) 50% c) 75% d) 100% The answer is b). C12. What percentage of the observations in a distribution lie before the first quartile? a) 25% b) 50% c) 75% d) 100% The answer is a). C13. Which of the following represent possible values of the standard deviation for a set of data? a) 0,1.5,2.3 b) -1, 0,1, 2 c) -2, -1, 0, 1, 2 d) -1, 0, 1.2 The standard deviation is always greater or equal to 0. The answer is a).

19 C14. Find the interquartile range for the following data and determine if there is a suspected outlier. 30, 59, 66, 56, 67, 62, 78, 81, 82 30, 56, 59, 62, 66, 67, 78, 81, 82 IQR= Q 3 - Q 1 First, we need the median and then the 1st and 3rd quartiles Median=66 Q1=middle of 56 and 59= =57.5 Q3= 79.5 IQR=Q3-Q1= =22 To find outliers Q IQR= (22) = Q IQR= (22)= 24.5 An outlier is any number above or below Therefore, there are no outliers.

20 C15. Find the standard deviation and the variance for the following set of data of temperatures during the summer in London, Ontario: 34, 32, 26, 28, 27, 40, 23, 21, 34, 37, 38, 41 21, 23, 26, 27, 28, 32, 34, 34, 37, 38, 40, Make a chart to find the standard deviation The variance is 43.5

21 Practice Exam Questions D1. For the standard normal random variable Z, find the value of Pr[Z<1.8]. A B C D E Pr (Z<1.8)= The answer is b). D2. For the standard normal random variable Z, find the value of Pr[Z>-0.60]. A B C. 0.6 D E same area as Pr(Z> ) = Pr(Z<0.60) = The answer is b). D3. For the standard normal random variable Z, find the value of Pr[-1.10<Z<1.10]. A B C D E Pr (-1.10<Z<1.10)= Pr(Z<1.1) - Pr(Z<-1.1) = = The answer is a).

22 D4. Consider the standard normal random variable Z. Which of the following statements is false? A. The mean of Z is 0 B. The standard deviation of Z is 1 C. For any value of k, Pr[Z>-k]=1 -Pr[Z<K] D. For any value of k, Pr[Z<-k]=1 - Pr[Z>k] E. Pr[Z<1.00]= The answer is c). D5. For the standard normal random variable Z, what is the value of Pr[Z>1.55]? A B C D E Pr (Z> 1.55)= 1 - Pr(Z< 1.55) = = The answer is d). D6. If Z is the standard normal random variable, find Pr[-0.9 < Z < 0.9]. A B C D E Pr (-0.9<Z<0.9)= Pr(Z<0.9) - Pr(Z<-0.9) = = The answer is d).

23 D7. Find the value of k if it is known that Pr[k<Z<2.1]= , where Z is the standard normal random variable. A. 1.5 B C D E Pr(Z<2.1)= o = Look up area and you get k=1.5 The answer is a). D8. Use the table for the standard normal random variable Z to find Pr[-0.67<Z<1.81]. A B C D E Pr (-0.67<Z<1.81)=Pr(Z<1.81) - Pr(Z<-0.67) = = The answer is b).

24 D9. Use the table for the standard normal random variable Z to find a value of k for which Pr[Z<k]= A B C D E. 1.3 Pr(Z<k)= Look up on the table and k is negative...k=-1.3 The answer is d). Practice Exam Questions D10. X is a normal random variable with mean =100 and standard deviation =10. Find Pr[X>90]. A B C D E Pr(X>90)=Pr(Z>-1)= Pr(Z<1)=0.8413

25 D11. X is a normal random variable with mean =10 and standard deviation =2. Find Pr[12<X<15]. A. 1.5 B C D E Pr(12<X<15)=Pr =Pr(1<Z<2.5) =Pr(Z<2.5) - Pr(Z<1) = = The answer is e). D12. The amount of cola dispensed by an automated drink dispenser is normally distributed with mean =500 ml and standard deviation =10ml. What is the probability that when you buy a cola from this machine you will receive less than 480ml? Pr(X<480)=Pr(Z< )=Pr(Z<-2)= D13. X is a normal random variable with mean25 and standard deviation 5. Find the Pr[30 < X < 40].

26 Pr(30<X<40)=Pr( =Pr(Z<3) - Pr(Z<1) = = Pr1 3 D14. The scores on a national achievement test are Normally distributed with mean 500 and standard deviation 100. What percentage of those who took the test had a score greater than 630? Let X be the test score. Then X ~ N(, ) with 500, 100. So Pr( X 630) Pr Z X Pr( Z 1.3) 1 Pr( Z 1.3) D15. The IQ s of a large population of children are Normally distributed with mean and standard deviation (a) What percentage of the children have IQ s greater than 125? Let X be the child s IQ. Then X ~ N(, ) with , So Pr( X 125) Pr Z X Pr( Z 2.12) 1 Pr( Z 2.12)

27 (b) About 90% of the children have IQ s greater than what value? Pr( Z z) 0.90 z x z x z 1.28 So x (11.6) Thus, 90% of the children have IQ s greater than D16. The length of human pregnancies from conception to birth varies according to a distribution that is approximately Normal with mean 266 days and standard deviation 16 days. (a) What percentage of pregnancies last less than 240 days? Let X be the length of the pregnancy in days. Then X ~ N(, ) with 266, 16. X So Pr( X 240) Pr Z Pr( Z 1.625) (b) What percentage of pregnancies last between 240 and 270 days? Pr( 240 X 270) Pr Z Pr( Z 0.25) Pr( Z 0.25) Pr( Z 1.625) (c) How long do the longest 20% of pregnancies last? Pr( Z z) 0.20 z x z x z (16) Therefore, the longest 20% of pregnancies last more than 279 days.

28 (d) 95% of all pregnancies last between x=a and x=b days. Find a and b. Pr(a<X<b)=0.95 Pr(Z< k)= = Look up on the table for Z and k= X=297 AND 1.96 X= Therefore, 95% of all pregnancies last between 234 and 297 days. D17. A set of final examination grades in an introductory statistics course was found to be Normally distributed with a mean of 73 and a standard deviation of 8. (a) What is the probability of getting a 91 or less on the exam? Let X be the final grade. Then X ~ N(, ) with 73, 8. Then Pr( X 91) Pr Z X Pr( Z 2.25) (b) What percentage of students scored between 65 and 89? Pr( 65 X 89) Pr Z 8 8 Pr( 1 Z 2) Pr( Z 2) Pr( Z 1) c) Only 5% of the students taking the test scored higher than what grade?

29 Pr( Z z) 0.05 z z x x z So x (8) Therefore, 5% of the students scored higher than 86%. (d) If the professor grades on a curve (i.e. gives A s to the top 10% of the class regardless of the score), are you better off with a grade of 81 on this exam or a grade of 68 on a different exam, where the mean is 62 and the standard deviation is 3? Let X be the score on the first exam and let Y be the score on the second exam. Then X N(, ) with 73, 8, and Y N(, ) with 62, 3. So ~ X X Pr( X 81) Pr Z X X X X X ~ Y Y Pr( Y 68) Y Y Y Pr Z Y Y Pr( Z 1) 1 Pr( Z 1) Pr( Z 2) 1 Pr( Z 2) It would be better to get the grade of 68% on the second exam. D18. The weight of adult male rhesus monkeys is Normally distributed, with a mean of 15 pounds and a standard deviation of 3 pounds. A rhesus monkey is randomly selected. (a) Find the probability that the monkey s weight is less than 13 pounds. Let X be the rhesus monkey s weight in pounds. Then X ~ N(, ) with 15, 3. X So Pr( X 13) Pr Z Pr( Z 0.667) (b) Find the probability that the weight is between 13 and 17 pounds. Pr( 13 X 17) Pr Z 3 3 Pr( Z 0.667)

30 Pr( Z 0.667) Pr( Z 0.667) (c) Pr( X 17) Find the probability that the monkey s weight is more than 17 pounds Pr Z Pr( Z 0.667) 1 Pr( Z 0.667) (d) If 50 rhesus monkeys are randomly selected, about how many would you expect to weigh less than 12 pounds Pr( X 12) Pr Z Pr( Z 1) We would expect about 16% of the 50 monkeys to weigh less than 12 pounds, i.e. we would expect about 8 monkeys to weigh less than 12 pounds. (e) What is the probability of getting exactly 10 of the 50 monkeys (chosen at random) that weigh less than 12 pounds? Let Y be the number of monkeys out of 50 that weigh less than 12 pounds. Then So p Y ~ Bin( n 50, p), where p Pr( X 12) Y y p y n y y 50 y ( ) Pr( ) (1 ) (0.1587) (0.8413). y n p y 50 y Therefore, the probability of getting exactly 10 of the 50 monkeys that will weigh less than 12 pounds is Pr( Y 10) p(10) (0.1587) (0.8413) D19. The time spent (in days) waiting for a heart transplant for patients with type A + blood can be approximated by a Normal distribution with a mean of 127 days and a standard deviation of 23.5 days.

31 (a) What is the shortest time spent waiting for a heart transplant that would still place a patient in the top 30% of waiting times? Let X be the waiting time (in days). Then X ~ N(, ) with 127, So Pr( Z z) 0.30 z z x x z (23.5) Therefore, 30% of the patients must wait for more than 139 days for a heart transplant. (b) What is the longest time spent waiting for a heart transplant that would still place a patient in the bottom 10% of waiting times? Pr( Z z) 0.10 z z x x z (23.5) Therefore, 10% of the patients have to wait for less than 97 days for a heart transplant. D20. A statistics test has scores that follow a normal distribution with a mean score of 80 and a standard deviation of 5. a) What percent of students scored greater than 90? b) What percent of students scored below 75? c) If a students score has a z-score of , what is the students score on the statistics test? a) Pr(X>90)= Pr Pr 2 1Pr b) Pr(X<75)=Pr )=Pr(Z<-1)= c) Pr(Z<k)= Look up the area on the table and k= = X - 80 X=90

32 Therefore, the student scored 90. D21. The monthly income of pharmacists at a particular pharmacy is normally distributed with a mean of $3700 and a standard deviation of $400. What percentage of pharmacists earn less than $3000 per month? Pr(X<3000)=Pr(Z< Pr D22. The scores on a university finite examination are normally distributed with a mean of 65 and a standard deviation of 10. How high must a student score to place in the top 5% of all students taking this exam? Pr(Z<k)=0.95 Look up the area 0.95 on the table and k= X=81.5 Therefore, a student must score 81.5

33 D23. To tell the exact shape of a Normal distribution, you need: a) the five number summary b) the mean, median and mode c) the mean and the median d) the mean and the standard deviation The answer is d). D24. The scores of adults on an IQ test are approximately Normal with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15. What percent of adults are considered gifted, with an IQ of 130 or higher? What percent of adults have a score between 110 and 120? Pr(X>130)=Pr(Z> Pr Pr(110<X<120)=Pr( =Pr(Z<1.33) - Pr(Z<0.67) = = Pr D25. The scores of adults on an IQ test are approximately Normal with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15. Helen scores 120 on this test. This means she scores higher than what percent of all adults?

34 Pr(Z<1.33)= Therefore, she scores higher than 90.8% of all adults. D26. Height of women aged 20 to 29 are approximately normal with mean 64 inches and standard deviation 2.7 inches. Find the z-score for a woman who is 5 feet and 10 inches. Her height is 70 inches The Z-scores is 2.22

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