Formula Writing & Chemical Equations
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1 Formula Writing & Chemical Equations 2 Balanced Equations Formula Equations Word Equations Transition Metals Using Brackets Awkward Customers More than 2 Elements 2 Elements nly Using the Name nly Si 2 2 Mn 4 These sheets belong to S Sept 2005 page 1
2 What is a Formula? Si 2 2 Mn 4 The formula of a compound tells you two things about the compound :- and i) which s are in the compound using symbols, ii) how many atoms of each are in the compound using numbers. C What would be the formula for each of the following? S 4 Br Al Br Br Using the Name nly Some compounds have extra information in their names that allow people to work out and write the correct formula. The names of the s appear as usual but this time the number of each type of atom is included using carbon monoxide C carbon dioxide C 2 dinitrogen tetroxide N 2 4 mono- = 1 di- = 1 tri- = 3 tetra- = 4 What would be the formula for each of the following? 1. sulphur trioxide 2. silicon tetrafluoride 3. dinitrogen oxide 4. phosphorus trichloride 5. dinitrogen tetroxide 6. nitrogen monoxide 7. nitrogen dioxide 8. tin dibromide 9. sulphur dioxide S Sept 2005 page 2
3 Valency Numbers Apart from the Noble Gases (column 8), all atoms can form bonds and join to other atoms in compounds. The number of bonds an atom can form is called its Valency. Na Mg Al C N Br column 1 Li 1 Be 2 Na Mg column 2 Ca 2 lithium Li Li Li Name Symbol Valency Picture To begin with, you will be given a special Periodic Table which you can use to find the Valency Number of an Element. Use the Name of the Element to find its Symbol and then draw the correct Valency Picture Draw the Valency Picture for each of these Elements. 1. beryllium 2. boron 3. nitrogen 4. fluorine 5. sodium 6. silicon 7. sulphur 8. calcium 9. chromium 10. cobalt 11. arsenic 12. selenium 2 Elements nly The name of a 2- compound usually lists both the s in the compound. iron oxide the first word gives the name of the first iron the second word has to have its ending changed to give the name of the second oxygen S Sept 2005 page 3 -ide endings are used to emphasise that there are only two s in the compound. exceptions: compounds ending hydroxide or cyanide have more than 2 s in them
4 Writing a correct formula is all about looking up the correct symbol, identifying the correct valency number and then balancing the two halves of the compound. This is easier if you use Valency Pictures. For example, to work out the formula for potassium oxide Draw the Valency Pictures for atoms of potassium and oxygen. 2. Draw them as shown. This valency picture is not complete. 3. Draw another potassium atom to complete the picture. 4. Now write the correct formula for potassium oxide. Work out the formula for each of these compounds. 1. hydrogen oxide 2. sodium bromide 3. phosphorus fluoride 4. magnesium oxide 5. sulphur chloride 6. aluminium sulphide 7. silicon oxide 8. calcium sulphide 9. nitrogen iodide Group Valencies Atoms often join together to form Groups - fixed numbers of atoms with a certain number of spare bonds still available - a group valency. N N 3 C 3 S P To begin with, you can find most of the Groups on the other side of the special "Periodic Table". This will show you the Symbol and the Valency Number for most of the Groups you will need. S Sept 2005 page 4 Name Symbol Valency Picture carbonate C 3 C 3 C 3 valency 1 name formula valency 2 name formula ammonium N 4 carbonate C 3 cyanide CN hydroxide chromate Cr 4 sulphate S 4 nitrate N 3 sulphite S 3
5 Draw the valency picture for each of these Groups. 1. hydroxide 2. sulphate 3. ammonium 4. permanganate 5. silicate 6. phosphate 7. sulphite 8. hydrogencarbonate 9. carbonate 10. chromate 11. nitrate 12. thiosulphate More than 2 Elements hydrogen sulph ate the first word is the name of the first this is the start of the second ate always means oxygen -ite -ate endings are used to warn that there are more than two s in the compound. hydrogen sulphur oxygen exceptions: none Compounds may have more than 2 s, but they will still only involve two parts :- one of which is a Group. For example, to work out the formula for hydrogen sulphate. S 4 S 4 2 S 4 1. Draw the Valency Pictures for an atom of hydrogen and the sulphate group. 2. Draw them as shown. This valency picture is not complete. 3. Draw another hydrogen atom to complete the picture. 4. Now write the correct formula for hydrogen sulphate. Work out the formula for each of these compounds. 1. ammonium nitrate 2. potassium hydroxide 3. calcium sulphate 4. sodium carbonate 5. ammonium chloride 6. lithium phosphate 7. copper chromate 8. sodium sulphate 9. caesium nitrate S Sept 2005 page 5
6 Awkward Customers Some Groups are particularly awkward and you need to watch out for them. CN S 3 N 4 The ydroxide Groups is particularly awkward because it contains two s but ends in -ide. The Cyanide Groups is particularly awkward because it contains two s but ends in -ide. The Sulphite Groups is particularly awkward because it is very similar to the Sulphate Group, S 4. The Ammonium Groups is particularly awkward because it comes at the beginning of the compounds name. Using Brackets Whenever two or more of a group appears in a formula, brackets must be used to avoid confusion. Mg N 3 N 3 MgN 32 MgN 2 6 Mg(N 3 ) 2 Mg (N 3 ) 2 Wrong because it Better, but we lose the Ideal. We can see the means 1Mg, 1N and fact that we have N 3 nitrate group present, 32 atoms. groups. and tell how many Work out the formula for each of these compounds. 1. aluminium nitrate 2. calcium hydrogencarbonate 3. ammonium sulphate 4. magnesium hydroxide 5. sodium chloride 6. carbon monoxide 7. magnesium sulphate 8. cobalt nitrate 9. potassium oxide 10. lithium carbonate 11. magnesium cyanide 12. copper carbonate S Sept 2005 page 6
7 Transition Metals The Transition Metals are awkward because they can change the number of bonds they use from compound to compound. This problem is solved by including the valency number in the name of the compound. Roman numerals are used ( I = one, II = two, III = three and IV = four). name copper (I) chloride copper (II) chloride picture Cu Cu formula Cu Cu 2 Remember that the Roman numeral tells you the number of bonds, it does not tell you how many atoms should be in the formula. Work out the formula for each of these compounds. 1. copper (II) chromate 2. lead (II) nitrate 3. barium permanganate 4. silver (I) hydroxide 5. iron (III) phosphate 6. lead (IV) oxide 7. chromium (III) nitrate 8. nickel (II) sulphate 9. sodium bromide S Sept 2005 page 7
8 Word Equations We write a Word Equation to describe the changes that take place during a chemical reaction. magnesium + hydrogen magnesium + hydrogen chloride chloride 1. The + sign means and. 2. The sign means change into. 3. The chemicals which react are called the 4. The chemicals which are produced are Reactants and are written on the left. called the Products and are written on the right. Write a Word Equation for each of the reactions described below. 1. When magnesium metal burns, it reacts with oxygen in the air to form magnesium oxide, a white powder. 2. In the Blast Furnace, iron is made by reacting iron (III) oxide with carbon monoxide gas. Carbon dioxide gas is also produced. 3. In our bodies, starch, which we get from our food, reacts with water and breaks down to form glucose. 4. When calcium metal is added to water, a gas is given off and calcium hydroxide solution is formed. When tested with a burning splint, the gas burns with a "pop". Formula Equation The next stage is to replace all the names of chemicals with their formulae, ie write a Formula Equation. e.g. word equation magnesium + hydrogen chloride magnesium chloride + hydrogen Mg diatomic formula equation Mg + Mg S Sept 2005 page 8
9 Elements in Equations Most s are easy. They are simply represented by their symbol. There are, however, 7 s which are made up of molecules, each with 2 atoms. This needs to be shown in their formulae, such as 2 for hydrogen. 2 e The Diatomic 7 B C N 2 2 F 2 Ne hydrogen nitrogen oxygen fluorine chlorine bromine iodine Fe Ru s Co Rh Ir Ni Pd Pt Cu Ag Au Zn Cd g Al Ga In Tl Si Ge Sn Pb P As Sb Bi S Se Te Po 2 Br 2 I 2 At Ar r Xe Rn Write a Formula Equation for each of the reactions describe by the Word Equations shown below. 1. When magnesium metal burns, it reacts with oxygen in the air to form magnesium oxide, a white powder. 2. In the Blast Furnace, iron is made by reacting iron (III) oxide with carbon monoxide gas. Carbon dioxide gas is also produced. 3. In our bodies, starch, which we get from our food, reacts with water and breaks down to form glucose. 4. When calcium metal is added to water, a gas is given off and calcium hydroxide solution is formed. When tested with a burning splint, the gas burns with a "pop". 5. Black copper oxide powder and carbon dioxide are made when green copper carbonate powder is heated. S Sept 2005 page 9
10 Balancing Equations A balanced equation has the same number of each type of atom in the Reactants & Products. In other words, all the atoms that are there at the beginning of a reaction (Reactants) must still be there at the end (Products). If we look at our earlier example, magnesium + hydrogen chloride magnesium chloride + hydrogen Mg diatomic Mg + Mg This is an unbalanced reaction, there is 1 on the left but 2 on the right there is 1 on the left but 2 on the right Equations are balanced by increasing the amount of some of the chemicals. Mg Mg Mg + 2 Mg S Sept 2005 page 10
11 Balance each of the equations shown below. 1. Mg + 2 Mg 2 2. C C N N 3 4. Mg + CuS 4 MgS 4 + Cu 5. N S 4 (N 4 ) 2 S 4 S Sept 2005 page 11
12 ELEMENT ELEMENT CMPUND CMPUND CMPUND CMPUND Diatomic 7 Normal ELEMENT Rule R Breaker 2 s Groups CMPUND? mono-, dietc ends -IDE ends -ITE -ATE Roman Numbers (I), (II) etc No Picture No Picture Draw Picture Draw Picture Draw Picture No Picture Write Formula 2 Write Symbol Mg FRMULA WRITING IN EQUATINS Write Formula C Use Sheet Write Formula 2 Use Sheet S 4 Write Formula 2 S 4 Use Number Given Cu Write Formula Cu
13 Formula Writing & Chemical Equations 2 Balanced Equations Formula Equations Word Equations Transition Metals Using Brackets Awkward Customers More than 2 Elements 2 Elements nly Using the Name nly Si 2 2 Mn 4 These sheets belong to S Sept 2005 page 1
14 What is a Formula? Si 2 2 Mn 4 The formula of a compound tells you two things about the compound :- and i) which s are in the compound using symbols, ii) how many atoms of each are in the compound using numbers. C What would be the formula for each of the following? S 4 Br Al Br Br Using the Name nly Some compounds have extra information in their names that allow people to work out and write the correct formula. The names of the s appear as usual but this time the number of each type of atom is included using carbon monoxide C carbon dioxide C 2 dinitrogen tetroxide N 2 4 mono- = 1 di- = 21 tri- = 33 tetra- = 4 4 What would be the formula for each of the following? 1. sulphur trioxide 2. silicon tetrafluoride 3. dinitrogen oxide 4. phosphorus trichloride 5. dinitrogen tetroxide 6. nitrogen monoxide 7. nitrogen dioxide 8. tin dibromide 9. sulphur dioxide S Sept 2005 page 2
15 Valency Numbers Apart from the Noble Gases (column 8), all atoms can form bonds and join to other atoms in compounds. The number of bonds an atom can form is called its Valency. Na Mg Al C N Br column 1 Li 1 Be 2 Na Mg column 2 Ca 2 lithium Li Li Li Name Symbol Valency Picture To begin with, you will be given a special Periodic Table which you can use to find the Valency Number of an Element. Use the Name of the Element to find its Symbol and then draw the correct Valency Picture Draw the Valency Picture for each of these Elements. 1. beryllium 2. boron 3. nitrogen 4. fluorine 5. sodium 6. silicon 7. sulphur 8. calcium 9. chromium 10. cobalt 11. arsenic 12. selenium 2 Elements nly The name of a 2- compound usually lists both the s in the compound. iron oxide the first word gives the name of the first iron the second word has to have its ending changed to give the name of the second oxygen S Sept 2005 page 3 -ide endings are used to emphasise that there are only two s in the compound. exceptions: compounds ending hydroxide or cyanide have more than 2 s in them
16 Writing a correct formula is all about looking up the correct symbol, identifying the correct valency number and then balancing the two halves of the compound. This is easier if you use Valency Pictures. For example, to work out the formula for potassium oxide Draw the Valency Pictures for atoms of potassium and oxygen. 2. Draw them as shown. This valency picture is not complete. 3. Draw another potassium atom to complete the picture. 4. Now write the correct formula for potassium oxide. Work out the formula for each of these compounds. 1. hydrogen oxide 2. sodium bromide 3. phosphorus fluoride 4. magnesium oxide 5. sulphur chloride 6. aluminium sulphide 7. silicon oxide 8. calcium sulphide 9. nitrogen iodide Group Valencies Atoms often join together to form Groups - fixed numbers of atoms with a certain number of spare bonds still available - a group valency. N N 3 C 3 S P To begin with, you can find most of the Groups on the other side of the special "Periodic Table". carbonate C 3 valency 1 valency 2 This will show you the Symbol and the Valency Number for most of the Groups you will need. S Sept 2005 page 4 Valency C 3 C 3 name name formula formula ammonium N 4 carbonate C 3 cyanide CN chromate Cr 4 sulphate S hydroxide 4 nitrate N 3 sulphite S 3
17 Draw the valency picture for each of these Groups. 1. hydroxide 2. sulphate 3. ammonium 4. permanganate 5. silicate 6. phosphate 7. sulphite 8. hydrogencarbonate 9. carbonate 10. chromate 11. nitrate 12. thiosulphate More than 2 Elements hydrogen sulph ate the first word is the name of the first this is the start of the second ate always means oxygen -ite -ate endings are used to warn that there are more than two s in the compound. hydrogen sulphur oxygen exceptions: none Compounds may have more than 2 s, but they will still only involve two parts :- one of which is a Group. For example, to work out the formula for hydrogen sulphate. S 4 S 4 2 S 4 1. Draw the Valency Pictures for an atom of hydrogen and the sulphate group. 2. Draw them as shown. This valency picture is not complete. 3. Draw another hydrogen atom to complete the picture. 4. Now write the correct formula for hydrogen sulphate. Work out the formula for each of these compounds. 1. ammonium nitrate 2. potassium hydroxide 3. calcium sulphate 4. sodium carbonate 5. ammonium chloride 6. lithium phosphate 7. copper chromate 8. sodium sulphate 9. caesium nitrate S Sept 2005 page 5
18 Awkward Customers Some Groups are particularly awkward and you need to watch out for them. CN S 3 N 4 The ydroxide Groups is particularly awkward because it contains two s but ends in -ide. The Cyanide Groups is particularly awkward because it contains two s but ends in -ide. The Sulphite Groups is particularly awkward because it is very similar to the Sulphate Group, S 4. The Ammonium Groups is particularly awkward because it comes at the beginning of the compounds name. Using Brackets Whenever two or more of a group appears in a formula, brackets must be used to avoid confusion. Mg N 3 N 3 MgN 32 MgN 2 6 Mg(N 3 ) 2 Mg (N 3 ) 2 Wrong because it Better, but we lose the Ideal. We can see the means 1Mg, 1N and fact that we have N 3 nitrate group present, 32 atoms. groups. and tell how many Work out the formula for each of these compounds. 1. aluminium nitrate 2. calcium hydrogencarbonate 3. ammonium sulphate 4. magnesium hydroxide 5. sodium chloride 6. carbon monoxide 7. magnesium sulphate 8. cobalt nitrate 9. potassium oxide 10. lithium carbonate 11. magnesium cyanide 12. copper carbonate S Sept 2005 page 6
19 Transition Metals The Transition Metals are awkward because they can change the number of bonds they use from compound to compound. This problem is solved by including the valency number in the name of the compound. Roman numerals are used ( I = one, II = two, III = three and IV = four). name copper (I) chloride copper (II) chloride picture Cu Cu formula Cu Cu 2 Remember that the Roman numeral tells you the number of bonds, it does not tell you how many atoms should be in the formula. Work out the formula for each of these compounds. 1. copper (II) chromate 2. lead (II) nitrate 3. barium permanganate 4. silver (I) hydroxide 5. iron (III) phosphate 6. lead (IV) oxide 7. chromium (III) nitrate 8. nickel (II) sulphate 9. sodium bromide S Sept 2005 page 7
20 Word Equations We write a Word Equation to describe the changes that take place during a chemical reaction. magnesium + hydrogen magnesium + hydrogen chloride chloride 1. The + sign means and. 2. The sign means change into. 3. The chemicals which react are called the 4. The chemicals which are produced are Reactants and are written on the left. called the Products and are written on the right. Write a Word Equation for each of the reactions described below. 1. When magnesium metal burns, it reacts with oxygen in the air to form magnesium oxide, a white powder. 2. In the Blast Furnace, iron is made by reacting iron (III) oxide with carbon monoxide gas. Carbon dioxide gas is also produced. 3. In our bodies, starch, which we get from our food, reacts with water and breaks down to form glucose. 4. When calcium metal is added to water, a gas is given off and calcium hydroxide solution is formed. When tested with a burning splint, the gas burns with a "pop". Formula Equation The next stage is to replace all the names of chemicals with their formulae, ie write a Formula Equation. e.g. word equation magnesium + hydrogen chloride magnesium chloride + hydrogen Mg diatomic formula equation Mg + Mg S Sept 2005 page 8
21 Elements in Equations Most s are easy. They are simply represented by their symbol. There are, however, 7 s which are made up of molecules, each with 2 atoms. This needs to be shown in their formulae, such as 2 for hydrogen. 2 e The Diatomic 7 B C N 2 2 F 2 Ne hydrogen nitrogen oxygen fluorine chlorine bromine iodine Fe Ru s Co Rh Ir Ni Pd Pt Cu Ag Au Zn Cd g Al Ga In Tl Si Ge Sn Pb P As Sb Bi S Se Te Po 2 Br 2 I 2 At Ar r Xe Rn Write a Formula Equation for each of the reactions describe by the Word Equations shown below. 1. When magnesium metal burns, it reacts with oxygen in the air to form magnesium oxide, a white powder. 2. In the Blast Furnace, iron is made by reacting iron (III) oxide with carbon monoxide gas. Carbon dioxide gas is also produced. 3. In our bodies, starch, which we get from our food, reacts with water and breaks down to form glucose. 4. When calcium metal is added to water, a gas is given off and calcium hydroxide solution is formed. When tested with a burning splint, the gas burns with a "pop". 5. Black copper oxide powder and carbon dioxide are made when green copper carbonate powder is heated. S Sept 2005 page 9
22 Balancing Equations A balanced equation has the same number of each type of atom in the Reactants & Products. In other words, all the atoms that are there at the beginning of a reaction (Reactants) must still be there at the end (Products). If we look at our earlier example, magnesium + hydrogen chloride magnesium chloride + hydrogen Mg diatomic Mg + Mg This is an unbalanced reaction, there is 1 on the left but 2 on the right there is 1 on the left but 2 on the right Equations are balanced by increasing the amount of some of the chemicals. Mg Mg Mg + 2 Mg S Sept 2005 page 10
23 Balance each of the equations shown below. 1. Mg + 2 Mg 2 2. C C N N 3 4. Mg + CuS 4 MgS 4 + Cu 5. N S 4 (N 4 ) 2 S 4 S Sept 2005 page 11
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