Chapter One: CHEMICAL FOUNDATIONS
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1 Chapter One: CHEMICAL FOUNDATIONS
2 Chapter 1 covers the following topics: 1.1 Chemistry: An Overview Science: A Process for Understanding Nature and Its Changes 1.2 The Scientific Method Scientific Models 1.3 Units of Measurement 1.4 Uncertainty in Measurement Precision and Accuracy 1.5 Significant Figures and Calculations 1.6 Dimensional Analysis 1.7 Temperature 1.8 Density 1.9 Classification of Matter Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1 2
3 Student should be able to 1. understand the basic concept of scientific methods. 2. describe laboratory methods of measuring volume, mass and temperature and explain the principles upon which they are based. 3. use the conversion factor approach to change from one set of units to another. 4. express the uncertainty in a measurement or in a calculation based upon measurements, applying the rules governing significant figures. 5. identify pure substances and mixtures. 6. understand the physical and chemical changes of the matter. Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1 3
4 1.1 Chemistry: An Overview
5 Atoms vs. Molecules Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1 5
6 Oxygen and Hydrogen Molecules Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1 6
7 A Chemical Reaction Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1 7
8 A Chemical Reaction Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1 8
9 1.2 The Scientific Method
10 Observation The Various Parts of the Scientific Method Laws Hypotheses Theory Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1 10
11 Key Info The scientific method is a way to ask and answer scientific questions by making observations, experimentation, and the formulation of laws, hypotheses, and theories. The steps of the scientific method are to: Ask a Question Do Background Research Construct a Hypothesis Test Your Hypothesis by Doing an Experiment Analyze Your Data and Draw a Conclusion Communicate Your Results It is important for your experiment to be a fair test. A "fair test" occurs when you change only one factor (variable) and keep all other conditions the same. Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1 11
12 Law vs. Theory A law is a general statement that can be used to summarize observations of natural phenomena. An experiment is then done to test the law. A hypotheses is an attempt to explain why it happens. A theory (model) is a set of tested hypotheses that gives an overall explanation of some natural phenomenon. Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1 12
13 Figure 1 Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1 13
14 Question A concise statement or summary of observations of natural phenomena is called A. a law B. a theory C. a hypothesis D. an experiment E. a citation Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1 14
15 Question A concise statement or summary of observations of natural phenomena is called A. a law B. a theory C. a hypothesis D. an experiment E. a citation Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1 15
16 Question A tentative explanation of an observation of natural phenomena is called a (an) A. law B. hypothesis C. theory D. experiment E. citation Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1 16
17 Answer A tentative explanation of an observation of natural phenomena is called a (an) A. law B. hypothesis C. theory D. experiment E. citation Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1 17
18 Question A tested explanation overall of basic natural phenomena is a (an) A. law B. hypothesis C. theory D. experiment E. citation Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1 18
19 Answer A tested explanation overall of basic natural phenomena is a (an) A. law B. hypothesis C. theory D. experiment E. citation Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1 19
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