Chapter 10 - Section 1: Earth s Moving Plates
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1 Chapter 10 - Section 1: Earth s Moving Plates
2 Earth s internal layers
3 You tube video : Pangea the history of continents X5-ytOg
4 Video: Theory published in the early 20 th century by a German scientist called Alfred Wegener. He said: 1) 250 million years ago there was one continent called Pangea (all lands in Greek) 2) Pangea was broken into plates 3) Plates drift across the Earth, generating the different continents 4) This theory is called Continental Drift
5 **Evidences of Continental Drift South America and Africa continents fit like a puzzle Fossils of similar organisms are found in both continents and these organisms could not cross the ocean Fossils of tropical plants have been found in Antarctica or on deserts, showing that these areas were located in different places with a different climate
6 Plates on the earth surface moved and are still moving today To understand why plates move we need to study the Earth s layers.
7 Clues about Earth s interior To understand how Earth is inside geologists study: Rocks Earthquakes
8 Clues about Earth s interior Rocks formed below the Earth s surface and exposed by erosion and by forces from the interior of the Earth these exposed rocks show the composition of the Earth Earthquake waves help understand the position of the different layers inside the earth and if they are solid, liquid or semi-solid ( mix of solid and liquid = silly putty)
9 **Seismic Waves Earthquake waves are called seismic waves Seismic waves travel inside the Earth The speed of the wave depends on the type of material the wave is crossing.
10 **Seismic Waves 1) By analyzing the wave s speed, geologists can understand if the wave is travelling in a liquid, semi-solid or in a solid material. EX: Waves travel faster in solids than in liquids 2) By analyzing the wave s speed, geologists can understand what type of material is inside the earth
11 What is a wave? A wave can be described as a disturbance that travels through matter or space, carrying energy. Disturbance= perturbation or disruption
12 Part I - Earth s Layers Based on evidence from earthquake waves and exposed rocks, scientists have produced a model of Earth s interior. The model shows that Earth s interior has at least four distinct layers the inner core, the outer core, the mantle, and the crust.
13
14 1)Inner Core Dense Composed mostly of solid iron Very hot - 5,000 C
15 **Why the interior of the Earth is hot? Heat left over from the energy needed for the formation of the Earth the Earth s core is under strong pressure ( due to gravity and surrounding material) radioactive material present in the Earth contributes to the high temperature
16 2) Outer Core The outer core lies above the inner core composed mostly of molten metal.
17 3) Mantle The layer above the outer core is the mantle. is the largest layer of Earth s interior. It is semi solid
18 4) Crust Earth s outermost layer is the crust. Earth s crust is thin when compared to the outer layers Its thickness vary:
19 Earth s Crust continental and oceanic Thicker and less dense
20 Crust Continental Crust is less dense than the oceanic crust and because of its density, the Continental Crust floats higher on the mantle The density of the crust depends on its composition
21 It is a region of the Earth that will not receive seismic waves from an earthquake. Some waves are absorbed by the materials in the Earth s interior. Shadow Zone
22 5) List of Earth s layers with percentages is the Distribution of Earth s Mass : Crust 0.5% Mantle 67% Outer Core 30% Inner Core 2.5% Picture
23
24 Earth s layers and it s properties: Temperature, pressure and density The graphs on page 291 and on the pervious slide show that the deeper you go into the Earth, the higher the temperature and the pressure will be. Density: also the density increases in the inner layers
25 Lithosphere and Asthenosphere ere Lithosphere ( is the crust plus uppermost mantle) floats on the asthenosphere
26 Lithosphere is divided in plates
27 **Part II - Earth s Plates The crust in the lithosphere is broken into plates The movement of the mantle have broken the crust into plates The plates move around on the asthenosphere. ( very slow movement few cm /year) **The discovery of the Asthenosphere allowed geologists to explain why the plates move.
28 Convection currents of the mantle are one of the causes of plate movement
29 Convection Currents Movement of fluids (liquids and gases) Area that is warm tend to move up, because is less dense. Area that is cold tend to move down because is more dense. Creating a current.
30 **Evidence that the continents are still moving today: Seafloor spreading is the process of new crust forming between two plates that are moving apart. It usually happens under the ocean, when the magma rises and cools.
31 **Earth s Plates Important Terms Tectonic Plates - large, moveable segments of the lithosphere Plate Tectonics theory that says that the plates float and move on top of the asthenosphere Plate Boundaries - places where the edges of different plates meet
32 What happens at plate boundaries? Plate Boundaries - places where the edges of different plates meet 1) Plates can move apart Divergent Boundary 2) Plates can collide - Convergent Boundary 3) Plates can slide past - Transform Boundary
33 Chart Plate Boundaries
34 Divergent Plate Boundary - Plates that move in opposite directions - the force that pull them apart is called Tension - It usually happens under the ocean. - Two different things can happen:
35 Divergent Boundary Magma from the mantle reaches the surface and hardens forming new crust in areas called Mid Ocean Ridges, usually under the ocean
36 Divergent Boundary: forms Rift Valleys land drops down between the plates
37 Rift Valley in Africa if it continues expanding, East Africa could break apart from the mainland
38 Another example of a rift valley
39 Convergent Plate Boundary - Plates that move towards each other - the force that brings them together is called compression - Different things can happen:
40 a) When two continental crusts collide and both plates have same density: crust piles up mountains can form
41 Convergent Boundary: Mountain Formation
42 b) When two oceanic plates collide or an oceanic plate collides with a continental plate The more dense one plunges underneath the less dense in a process called Subduction Subduction creates trenches and volcanic arcs
43 Subduction creates trenches and volcanic arcs: Trenches are long, steep-sided valleys on the ocean floor. Volcanic Arc is a chain of volcanoes
44 Volcanic Arcs form when: 1) the sinking plate moves deeper into the mantle 2) the new magma rises and may erupt violently to form volcanoes
45 Convergent boundary: forming trenches or volcanoes
46
47 Transform Plate Boundary two plates slide past the force involved in this process is called Shearing Shearing causes faults and earthquakes Read book fig 9, page 296
48 Transform Boundary Faults are large fractures in rocks along which movement occurs. The movement can cause earthquakes.
49 Chapter 10 review Questions
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