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2 FETAL PROGRAMMING F A R M S M A R T D A N B E A R S S
3 F U T U R E I M P L I C AT I O N S O F T O D AY S D E C I S I O N S. W E L C O M E
4 WHAT IS FETAL PROGRAMMING? Originally named the Barker Hypothesis: Developmental origins of health and disease A stress during gestation, such as nutrient restriction, will cause fetal adaptations which can affect the animal later in life
5 UNDERSTANDING FETAL PROGRAMMING An example from Human Health: Undernutrition in 1st half Infants have normal birth weight, but are longer and thinner than normal As adults, high risk of obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease Barker, et al., 1993; Godfrey & Barker, 2000; Barker, 2004
6 BUT, WHAT DOES IT MEAN IN COW-CALF TERMS? The nutrition supplied to our cows throughout pregnancy can impact the health, productivity and longevity of yet unborn calves In other words, the third trimester isn t the only critical period!
7 UNDERSTANDING FETAL PROGRAMMING We ve long known that newborn calf health is impacted by gestational nutrition Subsequent health may be programmed into offspring from undernourished dams Calves may exhibit poor growth and productivity, and also develop significant diseases later in life
8 UNDERSTANDING FETAL PROGRAMMING Challenges to early gestation nutrition of the cow herd Available feed quantity Available feed quality (esp. low protein) Mineral & Vitamin needs met? Negative nutrient balance and weight loss = undernourished Spring Turnout? Drought Years? Late Summer? Winter Range? Doubtful!
9 UNDERSTANDING FETAL PROGRAMMING Cow-Calf, early gestation nutrition Impact of undernourishment May or may not impact birth weight Reproductive challenges Skewed growth patterns Altered carcass characteristics Herd health risks Vonnahme, 2007
10 FETAL GROWTH & PLACENTAL DEVELOPMENT 75% of fetal growth occurs during the last 2 months of gestation There is so little fetal growth in early gestation, nutrient needs during that period are relatively unimportant, right? How important can early gestation nutrition possibly be? Robinson, et al., 1977
11 FETAL GROWTH & PLACENTAL DEVELOPMENT Blood and nutrient flow through the caruncles begins around Day 90 of gestation Large increase in blood flow and vascular density by Day 120 All respiratory gases, nutrients, and wastes exchanged between dam and fetus occur through these connections Ford, 1995; Reynolds & Redmer, 1995, 2001
12 FETAL GROWTH & PLACENTAL DEVELOPMENT If early gestation nutrition restricts the vascular development of caruncles, they will not be able to handle the nutrient exchange required in the last 2 months of gestation, to achieve proper fetal growth Eley, et al., 1978; Prior & Laster, 1979; Meschia, 1983; Reynolds & Redmer, 1995
13 FETAL ORGAN DEVELOPMENT Organ development occurs at the same time as placental development Heartbeat is apparent at Day Limb development by Day 25, followed by pancreas, liver, adrenals, lungs, thyroid, spleen, brain, thymus & kidney Testicular development by Day 45 Ovarian development Day Hubbert et al., 1972 Each of these organs is susceptible to maternal undernutrition at different points in time!
14 FETAL ORGAN DEVELOPMENT Let s look at a plausible connection to the cow-calf and feedlot business Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) is one of the most costly health problems today 15-45% of feedlot cattle are affected 1-5% of total cattle on feed die from BRD 44.1% of feedlot deaths are from BRD Kelly & Janzen, 1986; Vogel & Parrott, 1994
15 FETAL ORGAN DEVELOPMENT Low protein during pregnancy results in fetuses and offspring with elevated blood pressure (BP) Hi fetal BP decreases lung vascularization Lung vascularization and alveoli development seemed to be linked So, protein restriction in the first trimester likely results in reduced lung function Odde & Vonnahme, 2005
16 FETAL ORGAN DEVELOPMENT It is probable that early gestation nutrient restriction could increase susceptibility of cattle to respiratory disease later in life Odde & Vonnahme, 2005
17 FETAL ORGAN DEVELOPMENT Steers from dams that are nutritionally restricted during gestation had: Lower live weight at slaughter Lower carcass weight at slaughter Could reduce lung function and be part of the reason for the poorer performance??? Greenwood, et al., 2004
18 FETAL SKELETAL MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT The fetal stage is critical for muscle development because there is no net increase in muscle fiber numbers after birth Limited number of primary muscle fibers are formed in Day 1-60 Secondary muscle fibers are formed between 2 months and 7-8 months Stickland, 1978; Zhu, et al., 2004; Russell & Oteruelo, 1981
19 FETAL SKELETAL MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT A low plane of nutrition during the last two-thirds of pregnancy reduces calf birthweight, likely as a result of a reduction in muscle fiber size and muscle fiber numbers Freetly, et al, 2000
20 FETAL SKELETAL MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT Maternal nutritional that supplies the necessary nutrients for proper fetal growth, will increase the number of intramuscular fat cells, and thus the marbling potential of the offspring Feve, 2005; Gnanalingham, et al., 2005; Muhlhausler, et al., 2007
21 FETAL SKELETAL MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT Consider a drought year Less available forage and forage quality Generally impacts early and mid-gestation Supplementation is rarely implemented when cattle are on summer pasture
22 FETAL PROGRAMMING REPRODUCTIVE TRAITS We ve seen how gestational nutrition appears to affect an offspring s long-term growth and health; could it impact reproductive ability also? Findings from several recent studies indicate the impact may be significant!
23 FETAL PROGRAMMING REPRODUCTIVE TRAITS Heifers born from dams that were protein supplemented during gestation were heavier at pre-breeding, preg. exam and the beginning of the second breeding season Martin, et al., 2006
24 FETAL PROGRAMMING REPRODUCTIVE TRAITS Heifers born from protein deficient dams were the same age at puberty as heifers from the protein supplemented dams, but fewer of these fetalundernourished heifers became pregnant or calved during the first 21 days of the calving season Martin, et al., 2007
25 FETAL PROGRAMMING REPRODUCTIVE TRAITS More heifers from unsupplemented dams failed to reach puberty prior to breeding season compared to heifers from protein supplemented dams Funston, et al., 2010
26 FETAL PROGRAMMING & NUTRITIONAL REALITY In general, we are accustomed to feeding supplemental feeds during late pregnancy and maybe calving season Often times, meeting nutritional needs at spring turnout is challenging due to very high moisture grass and low dry matter availability/acre Additional forage and/or energy supplements might be needed
27 FETAL PROGRAMMING & NUTRITIONAL REALITY Forage maturity (flowering and setting seed) generally coincides with a sharp drop in protein content If the forage stand is diverse, containing quality grasses and legumes, cattle might select a higher protein diet If the forage is essentially a mono-culture, protein will not likely be adequate
28 FETAL PROGRAMMING & NUTRITIONAL REALITY As summer wanes, dry matter availability may become too limited to meet energy requirements Protein supplementation will become necessary before winter sets in Timing of supplementation is a moving target each year, and must be evaluated based on the actual forage supply, not the calendar!
29 FETAL PROGRAMMING: TAKE HOME MESSAGES There does not appear to be any period of gestation when we can cheat our cows without risking some long-term consequence to the offspring Optimal production will be the outcome of managing based on the reality our cows face, rather than by tradition or the calendar
30 FETAL PROGRAMMING: TAKE HOME MESSAGES Nearly all fetal programming research with ruminants has largely focused on the impact of meeting energy and protein requirements little research has looked at mineral and vitamin requirements* Because minerals play critical roles in all aspects of growth, metabolism and nutrient transfer, there are likely long-term consequences of gestational deficiencies
31 FETAL PROGRAMMING: TAKE HOME MESSAGES We need to challenge our paradigms regarding cow-calf nutrition, and what we need to do if we truly want to improve herd health, performance, reproduction and ultimately consumer satisfaction with our products
32 Q U E S T I O N S? T H A N K YO U
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