TRI-SERVICE ELECTRICAL WORKING GROUP (TSEWG) 07/16/08 LOW-VOLTAGE BREAKER INTERRUPTING RATINGS
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- Peregrine Doyle
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1 TSEWG TP-6: LOW-VOLTAGE BREAKER NTERRUPTNG RATNGS BREAKER CERTFCATON PROCESS. Th short circuit intrrupting rating dfins a brakr s ability to intrrupt th flow of fault currnt and to protct th conductors connctd to th brakr. A brakr s intrrupting rating dpnds on th ratd voltag; th intrrupting rating for a givn dsign dcrass as th applid voltag incrass. A short circuit study is normally prformd to dtrmin th minimum rquird intrrupting rating of brakrs to b applid in a systm. Th manufacturr crtifis an intrrupting rating as th highst currnt at ratd voltag that a brakr is intndd to intrrupt undr standard tst conditions. Th intrrupting rating of a brakr is on of its most important charactristics. Brakrs applid byond thir rating (ovr duty pos a prsonnl, quipmnt, and fir hazard concrn. Moldd cas circuit brakrs (MCCBs ar tstd pr UL-489, Moldd-Cas Circuit Brakrs and Circuit-Brakr Enclosurs, to confirm thir capability to intrrupt ratd short circuit currnt. Low voltag powr brakrs (LVPBs ar tstd pr C37.13, EEE Standard for Low-Voltag AC Powr Circuit Brakrs Usd in Enclosurs. An undrstanding of th brakr crtification procss is ncssary to apply thm proprly. Th powr factor of th short circuit currnt applid in a crtification tst varis with th brakr rating or typs as shown in Tabls 1 and 2. Tabl 1 UL-489 Tst Circuit Powr Factor for MCCBs Brakr ntrrupting Rating in Amprs 10,000 or Lss 10,001 to 20,000 Ovr 20,000 Tst Circuit Powr Factor 0.45 to to 0.30 to Equivalnt Minimum X/R Tabl 2 C37.13 Tst Circuit Powr Factor for LVPBs Brakr Typ Unfusd Brakr Fusd Brakr Tst Circuit Powr Factor Equivalnt Minimum X/R 6.60 As shown in Tabl 1, an MCCB with an intrrupting rating of 7,500 amprs would b crtifid by UL tst with a circuit powr factor of 0.45 to 0.50, and an 1
2 MCCB with an intrrupting rating of 35,000 amprs would b tstd with a powr factor of to. Th nt ffct of th brakr crtification procss is that th tstd powr factor rprsnts a qualification limit; th MCCB or LVPB rating must b adjustd if th powr factor at th short circuit currnt location is lss than th tstd valu. Th following paragraphs xplain th basis for this rquirmnt. Powr factor (pf is dfind as th cosin of th phas angl (θ btwn th voltag and th currnt, or pf = cosθ Whn considring short circuit ffcts, powr factor is oftn xprssd in trms of th X/R ratio, whr X is th ractanc in th circuit and R is th rsistanc in th circuit. Th ratio of ractanc to rsistanc quals th tangnt of th phas angl θ. X = tanθ R Thrfor, powr factor can b xprssd in trms of X and R as follows: pf = cos arctan X R n a purly rsistiv circuit, th currnt and voltag ar in phas and th powr factor quals 1. n a purly ractiv circuit, th currnt lags th voltag by 90 and th powr factor quals 0. A circuit containing both rsistanc and ractanc will hav a powr factor valu btwn 0 and 1. Tabls 1 and 2 also show th corrsponding minimum tstd X/R ratio for diffrnt brakr ratings. Somtims, it is mor convnint to convrt from a powr factor to th X/R ratio as follows. X R = tan [ arccos( pf ] Th trm symmtrical currnt rfrs to th shap of an altrnating currnt in which th wavform is symmtric about th zro axis. An xampl of symmtrical currnt is shown in Figur 1. 2
3 Figur 1 Compltly Symmtric or Asymmtric Currnt Compltly Symmtric Zro Axis Compltly Asymmtric Short circuit currnts ar usually asymmtrical, or not symmtric, about th zro axis for th first fw cycls. An xampl of an asymmtrical currnt is shown in Figur 2. Figur 2 Typical Asymmtrical Short Circuit Bhavior Zro Axis As shown in Figur 2, th asymmtrical currnt paks on th first cycl aftr a short circuit occurs and gradually bcoms symmtrical ovr th nxt fw cycls. Short circuit currnt can b modld as a symmtrical AC sinusoidal componnt that is varying about an xponntially dcaying DC componnt. Th DC componnt dcrass to zro with a rat of dcay invrsly proportional to th X/R ratio at th point of fault. Th rat of dcay is mor rapid for lowr X/R ratios. Highr X/R ratios rsult in highr pak currnts and slowr dcay rats, causing th brakr to b xposd to a highr currnt for a longr tim. Whn a brakr is tstd at a spcifid powr factor pr UL-489 or C37.13, th brakr is subjctd to a crtain pak currnt and rat of dcay from th pak 3
4 currnt down to a symmtric valu about th zro axis. f th systm short circuit currnt X/R ratio at a particular fault location is largr than this tstd valu, th brakr could b xposd to an asymmtric currnt gratr than it has bn crtifid to withstand. To account for this diffrnc, th brakr is ithr 1 dratd or 2 th symmtrical fault currnt is incrasd by a multiplying factor to account for th highr X/R ratio at th fault location. Ths multiplying factors ar shown in Tabls 3 and 4 for th diffrnt brakr intrrupting ratings. Tabl 3 MCCB X/R Multiplying Factors Systm Powr Factor Systm X/R Multiplying Factor as a Function of ntrrupting Currnt Rating 10,000 10,001-20,000 >20, Tabl 4 C37.13 LVPB X/R Multiplying Factors Systm Powr Factor Systm X/R Multiplying Factor Unfusd Fusd Brakr Brakr Notic that th multiplying factor is for X/R ratios lss than th tstd valu. A brakr intrrupting rating can only b dratd for highr X/R ratios; it can not b upratd for a highr fault currnt du to lowr X/R ratios. Th multiplying factors shown in Tabls 3 and 4 ar obtaind by th following xprssion: Adjustd Symmtrical actual X / R tstd X / R 4
5 EXAMPLE BREAKER DERATNG CALCULATON. Tabl 3 shows a multiplying factor of for an MCCB ratd abov 20,000 amprs whn xposd to a short circuit currnt with a powr factor of 0.05, or an X/R ratio of This multiplying factor can b asily confirmd. Tabl 3 shows that th minimum allowd X/R ratio for UL crtification tsting is for a tst circuit powr factor of. Thus, in accordanc with th abov quation, th multiplying factor is obtaind as follows: Adjustd Symmtrical Symmtrical For discussion purposs, assum th actual symmtrical fault currnt to which th brakr might b subjctd is 23,500 A. Th adjustd fault currnt is thn: Adjustd Symmtrical = 23, = 28, 553 A Th calculatd adjustd symmtrical fault currnt can now b compard to th brakr s intrrupting rating. Th adjustd valu of short circuit currnt should b lss than th intrrupting rating in ordr for th brakr to b applid proprly. Elctrical powr analysis computr programs typically prform this calculation automatically. 5
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