Stored Product Insects: Identification and Biology

Transcription

1 Stored Product Insects: Identification and Biology Judy Johnson USDA-ARS San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Science Center

2 Major Stored Product Pests Beetles Moths Mites Book lice

3 Life cycle of a stored product moth Eggs L1 Larvae L2 E L3 A L L4 Adult P L5 Pupa

4 Life cycle of a stored product beetle Eggs L1 Larvae L2 E L P L3 Adult A L4 Pupa

5 Relative sizes of stored product beetles Cigarette beetle Drugstore beetle Cowpea weevil Warehouse beetle Driedfruit beetle Sawtoothed grain beetle Rusty grain beetle Red flour beetle Lesser grain borer Granary weevil Rice weevil

6 Relative sizes of stored product moths Indianmeal moth Mediterranean flour moth Almond moth Angoumois grain moth Tobacco moth

7 United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service and United States Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Service Food and Drug Administration Agriculture Handbook No. 655 United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service and United States Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Service Food and Drug Administration Agriculture Handbook No. 655 Insect and Mite Pests in Food An Illustrated Key Volume 1 Insect and Mite Pests in Food An Illustrated Key Volume 2 Identification References E-9 E-912 Stored-Grain Insects INSECTS ON DRIED FRUITS Stored Product Management Agricultural Handbook 464 Oklahoma State University Oklahoma State University Cooperative Extension Service US Department of Agriculture - Federal Grain Inspection Service US Department of Agriculture - Extension Service US Department of Agriculture - Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURAL HANDBOOK NUMBER 500 PREPAPERD BY SCIENCE AND EDUCATION ADMINISTRATION Agricultural Research Service UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

8 Identification of stored product beetles Has a beak Straight-sided, heads visible from above Heads not visible from above Round bodies, heads visible from above, usually patterned

9 Identification of stored product beetles Has a beak Round bodies, heads visible from above, usually patterned Grain weevils Sitophilus spp. Driedfruit beetle Seed weevils (Bruchids) Dermestids

10 Identification of stored product beetles Straight-sided, heads visible from above Sawtoothed and merchant grain beetles Flat grain beetles (Cryptolestes) Tribolium

11 Sawtoothed grain beetle Merchant grain beetle

12 Confused flour beetle Red flour beetle

13 Identification of stored product beetles Heads not visible from above Lesser grain borer Drugstore beetle Cigarette beetle

14 Blapstinus Although sometimes found in California dried fruits, it does not feed and reproduce in the product. Easily identified by its divided eyes.

15 Identification of stored product moths Hairs of fringe on hind wings short (Pyralid moths) Hairs of fringe on hind wings long

16 Identification of stored product moths Hairs of fringe on hind wings short (Pyralid moths) Indianmeal moth Tobacco moth Almond moth Mediterranean flour moth

17 Identification of stored product moths Raisin moth Mediterranean flour moth Indianmeal moth Moths caught in a IMM pheromone trap

18 Identification of stored product moths Hairs of fringe on hind wings short (Pyralid moths) Navel orangeworm Meal moth

19 Identification of stored product moths Hairs of fringe on hind wings long Webbing clothes moth Angoumois grain moth Casemaking clothes moth

20 Identification of stored product larvae No abdominal prolegs Beetle larvae Elongate larvae, not grub-like Grub-like or C-shaped, may be legless Abdominal prolegs Moth larvae

21 Identification of stored product beetle larvae Tribolium Cryptolestes Carpophlius Oryzaephilus Trogoderma tail-end with horns tail-end without horns with long hairs

22 Identification of stored product beetle larvae Lesser grain borer Bruchidae Cigarette beetle Weevil

23 Identification of stored product moth larvae Indianmeal moth Tobacco moth Raisin moth Navel orangeworm

24 Important Biological Characteristics of Stored Product Insects Habitat and food preference Reproductive potential Length of life cycle and adult lifespan Developmental temperature thresholds Ability to fly Ability to penetrate packaging

25 Habitat and Food Preference Narrow vs. broad food preference Whole grains vs. meals vs. flours Raw food vs. processed foods Vegetable vs. animal foods Sound vs. moldy foods High moisture content vs. low

26 Habitat and Food Preference Internal seed feeders Flour pests Pests of stored foods and food plants Field pests of postharvest importance

27 Internal Seed Feeders Angoumois grain moth Maize weevil Lesser grain borer Rice weevil Bean weevil

28 Flour Pests Red/confused flour beetle Mediterranean flour moth

29 Pests of stored foods and food plants Red/confused flour beetle Rusty grain beetle Sawtoothed grain beetle Cigarette beetle Indianmeal moth Almond moth

30 Field pests of postharvest importance Navel orangeworm Codling moth Raisin moth

31 Biological Parameters for Stored Product Beetles Beetle Lesser grain borer Red flour beetle Confused flour beetle Rice weevil Flat grain beetle Max. Eggs/Female Min. Life Cycle Sawtoothed grain beetle Merchant grain beetle Granary weevil Cowpea weevil Cigarette beetle Drugstore beetle Warehouse beetle Max. Adult Life Min. Temp 65 F 72 F 68 F 59 F 63 F 68 F 64 F 54 F 63 F 65 F 59 F 65 F

32 Biological Parameters for Stored Product Moths Max. Min. Max. Moth Eggs/Female Life Cycle Adult Life Min. Temp Mediterranean flour moth F Indianmeal moth F Angoumois grain moth F Almond moth F

33 Flight Habits of Stored Product Insects Non fliers Granary weevil Confused flour beetle Sawtoothed grain beetle Fliers All moths Rice weevil Lesser grain borer Red flour beetle Warehouse beetle Cowpea weevil Flat grain beetle Cigarette beetle Drugstore beetle Merchant grain beetle

34 Ability to Penetrate Flexible Packaging Good penetrators All moths Cigarette beetle Drugstore beetle Confused flour beetle Lesser grain borer Warehouse beetle Weak penetrators Granary weevil Red flour beetle Flat grain beetle Rice weevil Sawtoothed grain beetle Merchant grain beetle Non penetrators Cowpea weevil

35 Natural Enemies of Store Product Insects Habrobracon hebetor Anisopteromalus calandrae Trichogramma spp.

36 Monographs: REFERENCES Anon. Stored-Grain Insects (USDA Ag Handbook No. 500) Christensen Storage of Cereal Grains and Their Products Gorham Ecology and Management of Food-Industry Pests Gorham Insect and Mite Pests in Food: An Illustrated Key Jayas et al. Stored-Grain Ecosystems Krischik et al. Stored Product Management Simmons & Nelson Insects on Dried Fruits Subramanyam & Hagstrum Insects in Stored Products Integrated Management of

37 REFERENCES (cont.) Web Sites: FAO Major insect pests of stored foods Purdue Post Harvest / Stored Product Protection Program UC Pest Management Guidelines Pantry Pests URBAN ENTOMOLOGY Pests Of Stored Food Products