Innovative Strapping for Exterior Insulated Wall Assemblies: Fixing Insulation and Cladding With Reduced Thermal Bridging
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1 Innovative Strapping for Exterior Insulated Wall Assemblies: Fixing Insulation and Cladding With Reduced Thermal Bridging
2 Brief Envelope systems and products from the sheathing out. Sheathing. OSB, Plywood & Gypsum Air and vapour barriers. Sheet & Liquid applied Membrane flashing and sealants Insulation. Exterior, Rigid, Mineral wool, Super Insulated & Hybrid Thermal bridging Strapping. Z-Girts, Standoff clips and new design Combustibility concerns with envelope systems
3 Sheathing Gypsum board Commercial sheathing is fibreglass reinforced and will not facilitate mould growth. Creates a 1 hour fire rated wall 'assembly'. Allows for long exposure periods during construction. Provides for a solid air and vapour barrier substrate. Has no structural capacity.
4 Sheathing Plywood / OSB Plywood and OSB used primarily in residential construction. Must be protected in storage and in use. Provides for air / vapour barrier substrate. Must be protected with a water resistive barrier. Can be used as an air barrier. OSB retains more water than plywood and takes longer to dry. OSB and plywood are approved as cladding substrates. Can be used to fasten intermediate cladding support. Used structurally for shear walls.
5 Sheathing Hybrid Gypsum sheathing with integral layer of WRB (water resistive barrier). Simplifies installation of exterior sheathing and WRB. Resists water / weather damage allowing for long exposure periods. Sequencing must be considered for adhesive installation restricted by temperatures and water (rain, frost for example)
6 ZIP system with integral WRB Densglass gypsum Plywood / OSB
7 Air / Vapour Barriers Self Adhesive / Mechanically Fastened / Spray Applied The most important aspect of the exterior wall assembly. Best practice is to use a water vapour permeable air membrane exterior face of sheathing. Many application types available. Mechanically fastened, self adhered, liquid. Membranes should be self sealing around fasteners or use manufacturer approved (or code approved where required) fasteners. Residential beginning to use commercial type exterior wall systems. In conventional placements smart vapour barriers should be used.
8 Air Barrier / Vapour Barrier Self Adhered Non-Permeable: Optimal performing in cold climates with no insulation in the wall cavity. Keeps the dew point outside of the WRB. Permeable: Should be used in assemblies with a high R-Value and split insulation construction. However: A permeable air barrier is an excellent means of mitigating trapped moisture and drying by diffusion in wall cavities.
9 Air Barrier / Vapour Barrier Fluid Applied Provides for an excellent air barrier with high permeability. Seals around all penetrations, cracks, junctions in materials, wall clips. High solids content. Dries to an approved mil thickness without shrinkage. Roller or spray applied. Can be installed in moist / wet conditions. Has installation temperature limits. Limited availability of materials in Canada.
10 Membrane Flashing and Sealants Generally self adhesive membranes or compatible tapes. Brand specific. Ensure compatibility for warranty. Pre-manufactured wall penetration seals simplifies detailing. Sealant is used for pipe and non standard type wall penetrations. Materials must be compatible with the membrane (WRB barrier) and long term function is based on quality installation.
11 Membrane Flashing Examples
12 Insulation Cavity / Exterior Rigid High density with high overall R-value of 4.2 per inch for EPS, 5 per inch for XPS, 6 per inch for Polyiso Performs better in high temperatures than mineral wool Effectiveness is reduced by aging Considered combustible Performs as a vapour barrier if its joint sealed (insulation with a low permeance) Performs as a water resistive barrier where approved Some rigid insulation products are made with blowing agents and chemicals (fire retardants) which are harmful to the environment
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15 Polyiso Cold Weather Performance long-term thermal resistance
16 Insulation Cavity / Exterior Mineral Wool Moisture resistant and maintains its insulation value even when wet. Excellent sound absorption qualities. Non flammable, will not burn. Acts as a fire barrier. Range of densities from batt to high density semi-rigid Comparatively low overall R-value as compared to EPS / Polyiso insulation at per inch Performs better in low temperatures than EPS R-value does not degrade or 'drift' over time Where approved by AHJ can be installed over rigid insulation to protect the system where combustible construction is required.
17 Insulation Cavity / Exterior Hybrid Systems Popular in residential, light commercial and retrofit construction. A layer of exterior rigid insulation and batt stud cavity fill Best practice to ensure 2/3 of the insulation (by R-Value) is installed on the exterior of the sheathing. Dew points in 2/3 insulation systems is a concern in a non-permeable system Dew point can vary depending on temperature and moisture variations as well air and moisture content in conditioned space. Can be dangerous in a retrofit application potentially creating two vapour barriers trapping moisture and creating mould. Premanufactured system is available locally allowing for inclusion of strapping and ensuring high R-Value outside of the sheathing.
18 Hybrid Systems Mineral wool / Rigid Combination Pre-Formed systems
19 Insulation Cavity / Exterior Super Insulated (SuperGreen) Typically a cellulose insulation is used Relatively low R-value of 3.2 per inch made up for with increased wall thickness. This type of construction eliminates the majority of through membrane penetrations significantly reducing air leaks and potential air / water leaks. Habitat for humanity house was an example of super green construction. General posted R-values as follows: SuperGreen Homes: Selected Guidelines for Walls, Windows and Doors Exterior wall insulation (above and below grade) Ceiling insulation Exposed floor Windows Maximum ratio, window and door area to walls 15% Doors RSI-10.6 (R-60) RSI-14.1 (R-80) RSI-10.6 (R-60) Triple-glazed, sealed, 12.7 mm (0.5 in.) spacers, double low-emissivity (low-e), argon-filled 50.8 mm (2 in.) polyurethane foam core, insulated single and outer doors
20 Super Insulated Larsen Truss or Similar
21 Thermal Bridging A 'short' in an exterior wall assembly that allows increased thermal transfer from inside to outside. Reduces effective thermal value significantly. Typical commercial construction assemblies consist of light gauge steel framing and exterior cladding support framing as well as all through-wall flashings at wall transitions, windows, doors etc. Other worst offenders are wall corners, corners of ceilings, windows and doors. Thermal bridging can cause condensation inside of wall cavities leading to mould and rot.
22 Visible Thermal Transfer
23 Strapping General Creates an equalized pressure cavity or 'rainscreen' (wont draw moisture into it). Allows bulk water drainage and drying out. Provides a fixing point for cladding. 'Newer' build with vapour barriers done poorly deteriorate very quickly. Water gets trapped and the assembly cannot breathe. Installation of strapping provides a means of drying out a wall system and keeping any water from being introduced to the structure.
24 Strapping Wood In the majority of residential applications wood strapping is used in the building envelope. Wood strapping is now used as both a cladding fixing point as well as providing for a rainscreen. For increased insulation value and reduced thermal bridging, installation on the exterior of a continuous insulation layer is being seen more often. High effective R-Value if installed over insulation. However, limited to insulation thickness on the exterior of the sheathing. Typically split insulation to meet R-Value.
25 Strapping Steel Z Girt Mounted directly to the outside of the WRB / Sheathing to the wall framing. Insulation is inserted between the Z-girts but effective R-Value is significantly reduced. Effective R-Value of 15-40% Dual layer Z-Girts are used to mitigate thermal bridging. Only minor benefits over a single layer system. Effective R-Value of 30-60% Hybrid Z-girt systems. Z-girt standoff clips mounted to the WRB / Sheathing with full length Z-girts mounted to the clips. Still retains high losses. Effective R-Value of 50-75%
26 Strapping Thermally Broken Stand-off Clips Mounted directly to the outside of the WRB / Sheathing to the wall framing. Dramatic R-Value increase over Z-Girt and hybrid Z-Girt systems. Effective R-Value of 70 95%. Reduced thermal bridging using a thermal break material of fibreglass or plastic. While straight forward install is time consuming and requires multiple steps. Works best with a semi rigid or batt insulation to accommodate for the clips without material modification (trimming insulation to fit)
27 'Tclip' System Installation 'Tclip'
28 Cascadia Clip Thermally Broken Fibreglass
29 Metal Strapping Over Exterior Insulation
30 Metal Strapping Profile
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32 Patent pending status. Strapping Corrugated Rain-screen and Bridging System Light gauge corrugated metal profile. Fastened through with a single fastener at each stud location. Installed over rigid / semi rigid insulation. XPS, Poyliso... Mineral wool. Creates a non-combustible insulation and cladding fastening system with significant reduction in labour and cost. Cladding fastens direct to corrugated or bridging profiles. Single fastener reduces installation time and thermal bridging. Fastener is thermally broken at the strapping. System can be installed in both vertical or horizontally as required for cladding. R-Value testing in progress with Yukon College / Cold Climate Innovations.
33 Combustible Construction VS Non-Combustible Construction Code Implications CAN / ULC S134 & NFPA 235
34 CAN / ULC S134 & NFPA 235 Fire Testing of Exterior Wall Assembly Materials Required as part of NBCC for exterior wall construction classifications For testing non combustible exterior wall assemblies which contain combustible components to limit flame spread up the vertical exterior surface of a building from a fire within the building which blows out the exterior window openings to protect the interior of a building from a fire hazard caused by combustible insulation, including foamed plastic insulation to protect the exterior building face to limit the spread of fire from an inside fire to an adjacent building, and to limit the potential for fire spread from an outside fire from an adjacent building. If Article is read in isolation as a stand alone requirement, here is what it says: If an exterior non loadbearing wall in a building that is required to be noncombustible construction contains any combustible components located anywhere within the wall assembly then the wall must be tested to CAN/ULC S134 (full scale fire test)
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36 BE CAREFUL! Not every assembly stated to meet CAN / ULC S134 will conform to the design intent. Each tested assembly is 'proprietary' and generally not divulged. Some of these tests are missing essential components in order to pass. Any deviation from the approved tested assembly will disqualify it for approved use. Not even the brand of WRB can be changed.
37 THANK YOU Questions?
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