Age of Imperialism Notes European History
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1 Age of Imperialism Notes European History The Age of Imperialism, Western countries colonize large areas of Africa and Asia, leading to political and cultural changes. Section 1 A. The Scramble for Africa a. B. Africa Before European Domination a. Problems Discourage Exploration i. Armies, rivers, disease discourage exploration b. Nations Compete for Overseas Empires i. Imperialism ii. Missionaries, explorers, humanitarians reach interior of Africa c. The Congo Sparks Interest i. Henry Stanley helps King Leopold II of Belgium acquire land in Congo 1. Leopold brutally exploits Africans; millions die d. Belgian government takes colony away from Leopold i. C. Forces Driving Imperialism a. Belief in European Superiority i. Race for colonies grows out of national pride ii. Racism iii. Social Darwinism Age of Imperialism Page 1
2 b. Factors Promoting Imperialism in Africa i. ii. Perfection of quinine protects Europeans from malaria iii. Within Africa, Africans are divided by language and culture D. The Division of Africa a. The Lure of Wealth i. b. Berlin Conference Divides Africa i. Berlin Conference 14 nations agree on rules for division ( ): 1. countries must claim land and prove ability to control it ii. 1914, only Liberia and Ethiopia are free of European control c. Demand for Raw Materials Shapes Colonies i. 1. Businesses develop cash-crop plantations E. Three Groups Clash over South Africa a. Zulus Fight the British i. Shaka Zulu chief creates centralized state around 1816 ii. British defeat Zulus and gain control of Zulu nation in 1887 b. Boers and British Settle in the Cape i. ii. Boers clash with British over land, slaves move north to escape British Age of Imperialism Page 2
3 c. The Boer War i. Boer War ii. British win; Boer republics united in Union of South Africa (1910) Section 2 F. Imperialism: CASE STUDY: Nigeria a. Europeans embark on a new phase of empire building that affects both Africa and the rest of the world. G. A New Period of Imperialism a. Extending Influence i. Europeans want to control all aspects of their colonies: b. Forms of Control i. Europeans develop four forms of control of territory: 1. colony 2. protectorate 3. sphere of influence 4. economic imperialism private business interests assert control c. Methods of Management i. Europeans use two methods to manage colonies: 1. Direct control 2. indirect control d. Indirect Control i. ii. Legislative body includes colonial, local officials Age of Imperialism Page 3
4 e. Direct Control i. Paternalism ii. Assimilation H. A British Colony a. Gaining Control i. Britain conquers southern Nigeria using both diplomacy and force ii. Conquest of northern Nigeria through Royal Niger Company iii. In 1914, Britain claims all of Nigeria as a colony b. Managing the Colony i. Nigeria is culturally diverse area, with about 250 ethnic groups ii. iii. Yoruba and Igbo chiefs resent limits on their power I. African Resistance a. Africans Confront Imperialism i. b. Unsuccessful Movements i. Algeria actively resists French for almost 50 years ii. Samori Touré fights French in West Africa for 16 years iii. In German East Africa, people put faith in spiritual defense 1. Results in about 75,000 deaths; famine kills twice as many Age of Imperialism Page 4
5 c. Ethiopia: A Successful Resistance i. Menelik II, emperor of Ethiopia in 1889, resists Europeans 2. stockpiles arsenal of modern weapons 3. defeats Italy, remains independent J. The Legacy of Colonial Rule a. Negative Effects i. Africans lose land and independence, many lose lives 2. b. Positive Effects i. Colonialism reduces local fighting ii. iii. Technology brings economic growth Section 3 K. Europeans Claim Muslim Lands a. European nations expand their empires by seizing territories from Muslim states. L. Ottoman Empire Loses Power a. Reforms Fail i. After Suleyman I dies in 1566, empire starts to decline ii. Ottoman Empire falls behind Europe in technology 1. Selim III attempts to modernize army and is overthrown iii. Subject peoples in Greece and Serbia gain independence Age of Imperialism Page 5
6 iv. M. Europeans Grab Territory a. Geopolitics i. Geopolitics ii. Access to sea trade routes focuses attention on Ottoman lands b. Russia and the Crimean War i. Crimean War 1. Russia loses, but Ottomans are shown to be weak; still lose land c. The Great Game i. Great Game war waged between Russia and Britain over India N. Egypt Initiates Reforms a. Military and Economic Reforms i. 1. Begins series of reforms in military and economy 2. Shifts Egyptian agriculture from food crops to cash crops b. The Suez Canal i. Egypt builds Suez Canal ii. Modernization efforts create huge debt Age of Imperialism Page 6
7 O. Persia Pressured to Change a. The Exploitation of Persia i. Russia wants access to Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean ii. Britain wants Persian oil and Afghanistan b. Battle over Tobacco i. Persian ruler sells concession to Britain to export tobacco 1. Persians boycott tobacco, leads to riots ii. Section 4 P. British Imperialism in India a. As the Mughal Empire declined, Britain seizes Indian territory and soon it controls almost the whole subcontinent. Q. British Expand Control over India a. East India Company Dominates i. ii. Company has its own army led by British officers 1. Army is staffed by sepoys b. Britain s Jewel in the Crown i. 2. Age of Imperialism Page 7
8 c. British Transport Trade Goods i. Railroads move cash crops and goods faster ii. Trade in specific crops is tied to international events d. Impact of Colonialism i. British hold much of political and economic power ii. 1. Indian life disrupted by missionaries and racist attitudes iii. British modernize India s economy, improve public health R. The Sepoy Mutiny a. Indians Rebel i. Sepoys refuse to use cartridges of new rifles for religious reasons ii. Many Sepoys are jailed; others start Sepoy Mutiny against British b. Turning Point i. British put down rebellion, take direct command of India ii. Raj 1. Uprising increases distrust between British and Indians S. Nationalism Surfaces in India a. Call for Reforms i. In 1800s, Ram Mohun Roy leads modernization movement 1. Many Indians adopt western ways and call for social reforms Age of Imperialism Page 8
9 2. b. Nationalist Groups Form i. Indian National Congress and Muslim League form ii. Nationalists angered by partition of Bengal 1. pressure forces Britain to divide it differently Section 5 T. Imperialism in Southeast Asia a. Demand for Asian products drive Western imperialists to seek possession of Southeast Asian lands. U. European Powers Invade the Pacific Rim a. Europeans Race to Claim Pacific Rim i. 1. Dutch, British, French, Germans claim parts of Pacific Rim a. b. land perfect for plantation agriculture b. Dutch Expand Control i. Dutch colonies, called Dutch East Indies, include Indonesia ii. c. British Take the Malayan Peninsula i. Britain seizes Singapore as a port and trading base ii. Also gets colonies in Malaysia, Burma iii. Chinese immigration to Malaysia creates problems Age of Imperialism Page 9
10 d. French Control Indochina i. 1. Directly control French Indochina 2. Export rice, angering Vietnamese e. Colonial Impact i. Modernization mainly helps European businesses 1. Education, health, sanitation improve ii. Millions migrate to Southeast Asia to work in mines, plantations iii. V. Siam Remains Independent a. Modernization in Siam i. Siam remains independent, neutral zone between French, British ii. King Mongkut modernizes country: 1. starts schools 2. reforms legal system 3. reorganizes government 4. builds transportation and telegraph systems 5. ends slavery W. U.S. Imperialism in the Pacific Islands a. The Philippines Change Hands i. ii. Emilio Aguinaldo leads Filipino nationalists against U.S. rule iii. U.S. defeats three-year nationalist revolt (1902) Age of Imperialism Page 10
11 2. Focus on cash crops leads to food shortages b. Hawaii Becomes a Republic i. Americans establish sugar-cane plantations on Hawaii 1. By mid-1800s, sugar accounts for 75 percent of Hawaii s wealth ii. U.S. business leaders want annexation iii. Queen Liliuokalani tries to restore Hawaiian control iv. U.S. annexes Republic of Hawaii (1898) Age of Imperialism Page 11
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