Site-Specific Water Quality Guidelines for the Sumas River at the International Boundary for the Purpose of National Reporting

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1 Site-Specific Water Quality Guidelines for the Sumas River at the International Boundary for Prepared for Environment Canada May 25 Prepared By:

2 E XECUTIVE S UMMARY THIS DOCUMENT is one in a series that presents ambient site-specific water quality guidelines (SSGs) for British Columbia and the Yukon. This Executive Summary includes tables listing site-specific water quality guidelines for the purpose of reporting on one water use: protection of aquatic life. The main report presents the details of the water quality assessment for the Sumas River, and forms the basis of the recommendations and site-specific guidelines presented here. The Sumas River is located in an intensive area of agriculture, both upstream from the international Boundary in the United States, and downstream in Canada. However, the river is also an important rearing area for salmonids. There appear to be an increasing trend in sulphate concentrations, as well as hardness. In addition, nitrate concentrations may also be increasing although such a trend would have to be confirmed with further statistical evaluation. The river does have high nutrient concentrations, mostly associated with suspended solids during autumn and winter rainfall events. THE FOLLOWING TABLE provides a summary of the site-specific water quality guidelines (SSGs) recommendations. To protect water uses in a waterbody, SSGs specify a range of values for characteristics (variables) that may affect these uses. These values are maximum, mean, and/or minimum values that are not to be exceeded. Maximum concentration means that a value for a specific variable should not be exceeded; mean concentrations imply that a value should not be exceeded during a period of 3 days, when five or more samples are collected at approximately equal time intervals. However, this statistic i

3 also can be used for yearly mean values or mean values over a period of record. SUMMARY OF SITE-SPECIFIC WATER QUALITY GUIDELINES PROPOSED FOR THE SUMAS RIVER DESIGNATED WATER USES Aquatic Life, Wildlife, Irrigation, Livestock Watering * Characteristics Proposed Site-Specific Water Quality Guidelines* Chromium (total) 1. µg/l maximum (Turbidity < 3.49 NTU) Copper, total <.4 (hardness) µg/l maximum (Turbidity < 26 NTU) Dissolved Oxygen 6. mg/l minimum Lead, total e ( n (hardness) ) maximum Nitrite/Nitrate Nitrogen 2.93 mg/l maximum ph Phosphorus (total).3 mg/l maximum Sulphate 5 mg/l maximum Temperature 19. C maximum daily Zinc Maximum (µg/l) = [ (hardness-9)] (Turbidity < 79.1 NTU) * The SSGs are recommended on the basis of protecting only aquatic life ii

4 Map of Sumas River Basin iii

5 P REFACE SITE-SPECIFIC WATER QUALITY GUIDELINES are prepared for specific bodies of fresh, estuarine and coastal marine surface waters of British Columbia and the Yukon as part of Environment Canada s mandate to report on water quality. Site-specific guidelines (SSGs) are prepared to protect all designated water uses. The site-specific water quality guidelines proposed in this report differ from the traditional water quality objectives in that they are meant for the purpose of reporting on water quality relative to only one water use protection of aquatic life. SITE-SPECIFIC WATER QUALITY GUIDELINES are based on the CCME national water quality guidelines as well as BC approved and working guidelines. Water quality guidelines are safe limits of the physical, chemical, or biological characteristics of water, biota (plant and animal life) or sediment which protect a water use. Site-specific guidelines are derived from the guideline by considering local water quality, water uses, water movement, waste discharges, and socio-economic factors. In this report, only aquatic life protection is considered as the water use to be protected. Traditionally, site-specific water quality objectives or SSGs are set to protect the most sensitive designated water use at a specific location. A designated water use is one that is protected in a given location and is one of the following: raw drinking water, public water supply, and food processing aquatic life and wildlife agriculture (livestock watering and irrigation) recreation and aesthetics industrial water supplies iv

6 Table of Contents Executive Summary... i Preface... iv 1. Introduction Water Uses, Hydrology, Waste Discharges and Potential Contaminants in The Sumas River Basin Water Quality in the Sumas River Basin Proposed Site-Specific Water Quality Guidelines for the Sumas River Basin Variables for which Guidelines Have Been Exceeded Variables Within 9% of Guideline Values Variables Showing Trends Biases Noted Within the Data Set Recommended Monitoring Program References List of Tables Table 1 Water Quality Data Summary: 7/24/1979 1/31/ List of Figures Figure 1 Map of Sumas River Basin... 3 Figure 2 - Flow at the Sumas River... 2 Figure 3 - Aluminum... 2 Figure 3 (a) Aluminum versus Turbidity Figure 4 - Arsenic Figure 4 (a) Arsenic versus Turbidity Figure 5 - Cadmium Figure 5 (a) Cadmium versus Turbidity v

7 List of Figures (Cont d) Figure 6 - Chromium Figure 6 (a) Chromium versus Turbidity Figure 7 - Copper Figure 7 (a) Copper versus Turbidity Figure 8 - Fluoride Figure 9 - Hardness Figure 1 Lead Figure 1 (a) Lead versus Turbidity Figure 11 - Nitrogen, Nitrite Figure 12 - Molybdenum Figure 13 - Nitrogen, Nitrate + Nitrite Figure 14 - Nitrogen, Total Dissolved Figure 15 - ph... 3 Figure 16 - Phosphorus Figure 16 (a) Turbidity versus Phosphorus Figure 17 - Residue, Non-filterable Figure 18 - Selenium Figure 19 - Silver Figure 2 - Temperature, Water Figure 21 Thallium Figure 22 - Turbidity Figure 23 - Zinc Figure 23 (a) Zinc versus Turbidity Figure 24 - Sulphate Figure 25 Sodium Figure 26 Dissolved Oxygen vi

8 1. Introduction This report is one in a series that develops site-specific water quality guidelines (SSG s) for site-specific water bodies in the Yukon and British Columbia. The purpose of this series of reports is to develop SSG s in water bodies where Environment Canada has been carrying out long-term trend monitoring. The National WQI is a reporting tool designed to condense a large amount of complex technical data into a simple description of water quality. In the 24 federal budget, $15 million over two years was committed to develop three national indicators, including a Freshwater Quality Indicator based on the WQI. Public and political interest in the results of this WQI is high. The Deputy Minister of Environment Canada has requested the first national WQI report be complete by November 25. National work plans require regional input by June 25. At a 23 CCME WQI workshop, there was consensus among water quality experts that site-specific guidelines are necessary for the scientific defensibility of the WQI. Sitespecific guidelines are numerical concentrations established by taking into account sitespecific conditions to protect and maintain a specified water use, such as aquatic life. Generic national or provincial guidelines may not produce credible WQI scores because local chemical, physical and biological characteristics influence the potential adverse effects of substances. To meet the short timeline for assembling a report, a streamlined procedure, namely the Rapid Assessment Approach (RAA), was developed to establish SSG s at long term monitoring stations. Typical SSG s are established from water quality assessment data, including water uses, permitted discharges, non-point sources of pollution and the natural hydrology of the water body. Long-term monitoring sites present the unique scenario where a large data base exists for a site and current trend assessment reports already exist. The streamlined RAA takes advantage of existing knowledge for the purpose of setting SSG s. 1

9 Environment Canada has released a report outlining fourteen threats to Canadian water quality in their 21 report titled Threats to Sources of Drinking Water and Aquatic Ecosystem Health in Canada. It is important to take these threats into account in reporting on water quality in Canada. The Sumas River at the international Boundary (BC8MH27) is located at latitude 49. degrees N and longitude degrees west. It has a drainage area of 62,646 km 2. The Sumas River, which enters the Vedder Canal just upstream from its confluence with the Fraser River, is an important rearing habitat for salmonids. 2

10 Figure 1 Map of Sumas River Basin 3

11 2. Water Uses, Hydrology, Waste Discharges and Potential Contaminants in the Sumas River Basin Water uses downstream designated by British Columbia Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection include protection of wildlife and aquatic life, and protection of agricultural water supplies (livestock watering and irrigation) Flows in the Sumas River are typical of watersheds located on the Pacific coast, exhibiting low flows during summer (in range of 2 m 3 /s) with peaks during winter rainfall periods (up to about 5 m 3 /s). The hydrograph is presented in Figure 2. Hog and dairy farms are a dominant land use both in the upstream watershed in the United States and downstream in Canada. 4

12 3. Water Quality in the Sumas River Basin Water quality in the Sumas River at the International Boundary is typical of a stream in the Pacific coast, with increased turbidity and suspended solids during autumn and winter rains. Because of the agricultural nature of the area, nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations can be high (usually associated with high suspended solids) and oxygen depletion can take place. 5

13 4. Proposed Site-Specific Water Quality Guidelines for the Sumas River at the International Boundary Using the rapid assessment approach to develop site-specific water quality guidelines for the purpose of national reporting, SSGs are proposed if: guidelines are exceeded, or values are within 9% of guideline values, or values have been shown to be deteriorating through time, and the contaminant in question has human origin. In developing SSGs, there are many approaches that can be taken and will be within this document. These include: 1. Adopting a guideline directly for use on a site-specific basis. An example might be using the range of ph values for the protection of aquatic life of 6.5 to Modifying a guideline that is based on another variable, such as hardness, and calculating an absolute value for the SSG. 3. Calculating another statistic based on what has been measured at the site (e.g., 95 th percentile) after ensuring that at this new level, aquatic life will receive some degree of protection, albeit a reduced level over what the guideline originally intended. For example, the safety factor used to calculate the generic guideline might be reduced from ten to seven on a site-specific basis. 4. Using a combination of approach #2 and #3 to converge on a SSG. Environment Canada has determined that they have confidence in the guidelines that have been established for certain metals. The metals with CCME guidelines include arsenic, chromium, molybdenum, thallium, mercury and cadmium. Environment Canada also have confidence in the following guidelines established by BC Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection. These include aluminum, copper, lead, selenium, silver and 6

14 zinc. It is important to note that for the British Columbia guidelines that the level stated as mean is based on chronic data, and that a CCME guideline stated as maximum would be based on this same data set. The British Columbia maximum values are determined from the acute data set that is generally not used in the CCME derivation process. Aluminum (B.C Guideline): The BC guidelines for aluminum are stated as dissolved concentrations:.5 mg/l mean concentration based on five samples collected over a thirty day period, and a maximum concentration of.1 mg/l. Arsenic (CCME Guideline): The maximum guideline from CCME is.5 mg/l. Cadmium (CCME Guideline): The CCME guideline for total cadmium (µg/l) is that the concentration should not exceeded that defined by the following equation: 1 (.86[log{hardness}]-3.2. Chromium (CCME Guideline): The CCME guideline is based on hexavalent chromium with a maximum concentration of.1 mg/l and trivalent chromium of.89 mg/l. Copper (B.C. Guideline): Copper guidelines are based on equations relating hardness to toxic copper effects (BC Environment and Parks, 1987). The equations to determine mean and maximum guideline concentrations are: <.4 (hardness) µg/l and [.94 (hardness) + 2] µg/l. Lead (B.C. Guideline): The BC guidelines for lead are a maximum of e (1.273 ln hardness) -1.46) and a mean not to exceed e ( n (mean hardness) ). Mercury (CCME Guideline): The CCME maximum inorganic mercury guideline is.26 mg/l and.4 mg/l methyl mercury. Molybdenum (CCME Guideline): The CCME interim guideline is a maximum of.73 mg/l. 7

15 Selenium (B.C. Guideline): Selenium is an essential element for animal health, and food (and not water) is generally the major source of selenium in the food chain. The mean concentration of selenium in the water column (B.C. WLAP, 21 (b))should not exceed 2 µg/l. This will protect aquatic life both from direct toxic effects and from accumulating undesirable levels of selenium via the food chain. Silver (B.C. Guideline): The B.C. guideline for silver is related to water hardness, with maximum and 3-d mean concentrations for values up to or exceeding 1 mg/l hardness. The guidelines are.5 µg/l and.1 µg/l as 3-d mean and maximum values, respectively at hardness less than 1 mg/l and 1.5 µg/l and 3. µg/l as 3-d mean and maximum values, respectively at hardness greater than 1 mg/l. Thallium (CCME Guideline): The CCME guideline is.8 mg/l. All values were well below the guidelines and there was no trend in the data. Zinc (B.C. Guideline): Zinc guidelines are based on equations relating hardness to zinc toxicity (BC Environment, Land and Parks, 1999). The equations to determine zinc toxicity are a mean of [ (hardness-9)] µg/l and a maximum of [ (hardness-9)] µg/l. In addition, objectives will also be developed for certain common variables (temperature, ph, dissolved oxygen) as possible. ph (CCME Guideline): The CCME (23) guideline to protect aquatic life is to maintain the ph within a range from 6.5 to 9.. This is the proposed SSG for reporting. Dissolved Oxygen (B.C. Guideline): The B.C. guidelines range from a minimum of 5 to 9 mg/l, with 5 mg/l being the minimum concentration for all life stages other than buried embryo/alevin life stages, or 9 mg/l minimum when the buried embryo/alevin life stages occur. The respective 3-d mean values are 8 mg/l and 11 mg/l, respectively. 8

16 Temperature (B.C. Guideline): Sensitive species present include whitefish and bull trout. To protect these species (B.C. WLAP, 21 (a)), the maximum daily temperature should not exceed 15 o C. For unknown species distribution, the maximum daily temperature should not exceed 19 o C. This is the SSG. Total Phosphorus (Ontario Guideline): Ontario guidelines used in this review are a maximum of 2µg/L for rivers flowing into lake and 3µg/L for other rivers. Nitrate (CCME and Alberta Guidelines): The CCME (23) water quality guideline for the protection of aquatic life is 2.93 mg/l N. For nitrogen limited systems, the Alberta guideline of 1. mg/l will be applied. Nitrite (B.C. Guideline): The incomplete nitrification of ammonia when oxygen is not available can result in nitrite existing under ice cover. Nitrite guidelines are related to chloride concentrations (which are also increasing). The BC guideline (Ministry of Environment and Parks, 1986 (b)), adopted as a site-specific objective for nitrite recognizes this relationship, and is as follows: Chloride in mg/l Nitrite (maximum) mg/l as Nitrogen Nitrite (average) mg/l as Nitrogen less than 2 mg/l.6 mg/l.2 mg/l 2 to 4 mg/l.12 mg/l.4 mg/l 4 to 6 mg/l.18 mg/l.6 mg/l 6 to 8 mg/l.24 mg/l.8 mg/l 8 to 1 mg/l.3 mg/l.1 mg/l greater than 1 mg/l.6 mg/l.2 mg/l 9

17 4.1 Variables for Which Guidelines Have Been Exceeded Guidelines have been exceeded for several variables, including ph, dissolved oxygen, aluminum, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, nitrate, phosphorus, temperature, and zinc. ph: One ph value exceeded the upper limit of 9. (May 17, 1989, ph 9.5) while several approach the lower limit of 6.5. The SSG to protect aquatic life is recommended as the range from 6.5 to 9.. Dissolved Oxygen: Dissolved oxygen concentrations (Figure 26) have always been in excess of the minimum instantaneous value of 5. mg/l, but not the 3-d mean of 8. mg/l. Some values as low as 5.7 mg/l have been recorded. The B.C. Ministry of Environment (1985) has established site-specific water quality objectives for the Sumas River for dissolved oxygen (6. mg/l minimum). We recommend that this level be the SSG for dissolved oxygen. Aluminum: The aluminum guideline to protect aquatic life (1 µg/l) was regularly exceeded by total aluminum concentrations (Figure 3). There is a very strong correlation (R 2 =.95) between turbidity and total aluminum concentrations (Figure 3 (a)). We do not recommend a SSG for aluminum until such time as dissolved concentrations are available. Cadmium: The CCME guideline calculated at a hardness (5 th percentile) of 15 mg/l is.35 µg/l. This was exceeded by both total and extractable concentrations (Figure 5); however, the cadmium data set is plagued with large numbers of data with detection limits (1 µg/l,.5 µg/l,.1 µg/l) that are too high to perform a proper data analysis. There is a very weak correlation (R 2 =.5) between turbidity and total cadmium concentrations (Figure 5 (a)); however, the detection limit concern also plagues this analysis. Since we do not suspect that cadmium would be associated with agricultural wastes, we do not propose a SSG for cadmium at this time. 1

18 Chromium: The guideline for chromium is expressed as a maximum of 1 µg/l as hexavalent chromium and 8.9 µg/l as trivalent. Total concentrations regularly exceeded these guidelines during periods when high precipitation would be expected (Figure 6). There is a very strong correlation (R 2 =.96) between turbidity and total chromium concentrations (Figure 6 (a)). During those periods the chromium would likely be associated with suspended solids and would not be biologically available. The 95 th percentile was 25.8 µg/l and the 95 percent confidence level was 27.3 µg/l. Since these chromium concentrations are so high, we propose that the SSG be a maximum of 1 µg/l at turbidity < 3.49 NTU (using the correlation developed for turbidity in Figure 6 (a)).. Copper: The maximum guideline value (11.9 µg/l) based on a 5 th percentile hardness of 15 mg/l was occasionally exceeded by total copper concentrations (Figure 7). The associated mean guideline of 4.2 µg/l was occasionally exceeded by both total and extractable concentrations. The 95 th percentile values for extractable and total copper were 5.85 µg/l and 5.7 µg/l, respectively (Table 1). The 95 percent confidence levels are 6.12 µg/l and 7.28 µg/l, respectively. There is a strong correlation (R 2 =.66) between turbidity and total copper concentrations (Figure 7 (a)). Using the relationship established in Figure 7 (a) and the mean guideline value of 4.2 µg/l, the associated turbidity would be calculated to be 26 NTU. We recommend that the SSG be a maximum defined by the equation for the mean concentration (<.4 (hardness) µg/l) for turbidity <26 NTU. We do not believe that the use of the mean value to define the maximum allowable copper concentration is overly restrictive since the derivation of this equation used the same data set that CCME would have used to define the maximum copper concentration. Lead: The mean guideline value (6.7 µg/l) based on a 5 th percentile hardness of 15 mg/l was occasionally exceeded by total (and one extractable) lead concentrations (Figure 1). There is a very weak correlation (R 2 =.9) between turbidity and total lead concentrations (Figure 1 (a)). The 95 th percentile values for extractable and total lead were 3. µg/l and 3.48 µg/l, respectively (Table 1). The 95 percent confidence levels are 3.65µg/L and 4.97 µg/l, respectively. Since these statistics are within the values 11

19 defined by the mean statistic, we recommend that the SSG for the maximum total lead concentration be defined by the equation for the mean concentration related to hardness: e ( n (mean hardness) ). We do not believe that the use of the mean equation to define the maximum allowable lead concentration is overly restrictive since the derivation of this equation used the same data set that CCME would have used to define the maximum lead concentration. Nitrate: Nitrate concentrations regularly have exceeded the guideline of 2.93 mg/l-n to protect aquatic life (Figure 13). As well, there may be a trend of increasing nitrate values in the Sumas River; however, the linear regression we calculated (R 2 =.356) was less than the R 2 value of.5 that we have used as a criterion to indicate possible trends. We recommend the use of the guideline as the SSG since the nitrate is likely originating from agricultural wastes upstream from the site. Phosphorus: The best that can be said for the high phosphorus concentrations in the Sumas River (Figure 16) is that the highest values are likely associated with winter precipitation events and high suspended solids and turbidity (R 2 =.11) concentrations (Figure 16 (a)). As well, this phosphorus will make its way quickly to the turbid Fraser River where it will not be a limiting factor in algal growth. That being said, the guideline of.3 mg/l is infrequently achieved by any form of phosphorus in the Sumas River. We do not suggest using the weak relationship developed in Figure 16 (a) since much of the phosphorus is likely carried form human activities that need better management. The recommended SSG is that the total phosphorus concentration should not exceed.3 mg/l in order to protect the salmonids rearing areas of the lower Sumas River. Temperature: The guideline for temperature was exceeded slightly on two occasions. It is recommended that the SSG for temperature be 19 o C. Zinc: The maximum guideline value was exceeded by three extractable values in the early 198 s (Figure 23) while the mean value (19 µg/l based on a 5 th percentile hardness of 15 mg/l) was exceeded by a number of individual total values in more recent times. 12

20 There is a strong correlation (R 2 =.65) between turbidity and total zinc concentrations (Figure 23 (a)). The 95 th percentile total concentration was 11.2 µg/l while the 95 percent confidence level was 11.6 µg/l (Table 1). Since these statistics are within the values defined by the mean statistic, we recommend that the SSG for the maximum total zinc concentration be defined by the equation for the mean concentration related to hardness: [ (hardness-9)] µg/l. This should apply at turbidity values < 79.1 NTU (based on the 19 µg/l value and the correlation determined in Figure 23(a). We do not believe that the use of the mean equation to define the maximum allowable zinc concentration is overly restrictive since the derivation of this equation used the same data set that CCME would have used to define the maximum zinc concentration. 4.2 Variables Within 9% of Guideline Values There were no additional variables within 9% of guideline values. 4.3 Variables with Increasing Trends Increasing trends in values were noted for sulphate (Figure 24) and for hardness (Figure 9). No SSG will be proposed for hardness since it has an ameliorating effect on metals concentrations. Hardness values have been increasing through time, with values generally being closer to 15 mg/l than the 11 mg/l in the late 197 s and early 198 s. The mean concentration in the latter period is about 135 mg/l (Table1). Sulphate: Sulphate concentrations generally ranged between 1 and 2 mg/l in the late 197 s to between 15 and 25 mg/l in 25. The linear regression has an R 2 value of.54. The British Columbia guideline for the protection of aquatic mosses is an alert level of 5 mg/l sulphate. This is the recommended SSG for sulphate in the Sumas River. 4.4 Biases Noted Within the Data Set In reviewing the data downloaded from the Environment Canada web site for this report, it was noted that from the samples in October 1981 until 5/2/1994, there were multiple entries (often three or four) on the same day for dissolved NO2/NO3, dissolved nitrogen, 13

21 and total phosphorus. We have not attempted to correct these entries, calculate a mean for the day, or recommend elimination of any of these tests. In performing subsequent data reviews (verification, flags, etc.), it will be important that these entries be considered. 14

22 5. Recommended Monitoring Program It is expected that the highest concentrations of contaminants will be associated with high flows resulting from precipitation during autumn and winter precipitation events. This is one period when samples should be collected to test site-specific guidelines. A second period is during lower flows summer prior. During these periods, five samples should be collected in a thirty-day period for the variables for which SSGs are proposed. 15

23 References Alberta Environment. Surface Water Quality Guidelines For Use in Alberta. November British Columbia Ministry of Environment. Water Quality Assessment and Objectives for the Fraser River from Hope to Kanaka Creek. November British Columbia Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks. Water Quality Criteria for Silver. February 19, ( British Columbia Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks. Water Quality Criteria for Dissolved Oxygen. February 18, ( oxygen.html#table1) British Columbia Ministry of Environment and Parks. Water Quality Criteria for Copper. July 22, ( British Columbia Ministry of Environment and Parks. Water Quality Criteria for Nitrogen. November 12, British Columbia Ministry of Environment and Parks. Water Quality Criteria for Lead. November British Columbia Ministry of Environment and Parks. Water Quality Criteria for Aluminum. March

24 British Columbia Ministry of Environment and Parks. Water Quality Guidelines for Zinc. March British Columbia Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection. Water Quality Guidelines for Temperature. August 22, 21 (a). ( British Columbia Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection. Water Quality Guidelines for Selenium. August 22, 21 (b). ( Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment. Canadian Environmental Quality Guidelines. December 23 Update. 17

25 Table 1 Water Quality Data Summary: 12/1/1987 8/16/24 Variable Units No of Values Maximum Minimum Mean Standard Deviation 95th % ile 5th % ile M 2S HARDNESS TOTAL (CALCD.) CACO3 mg/l HARDNESS TOTAL CACO3 mg/l PH units CHLORIDE DISSOLVED mg/l FLUORIDE mg/l FLUORIDE DISSOLVED mg/l SODIUM DISSOLVED mg/l SODIUM EXTRACTABLE mg/l SULPHATE DISSOLVED mg/l ALUMINUM TOTAL µg/l CADMIUM EXTRACTABLE µg/l CADMIUM TOTAL µg/l CHROMIUM TOTAL µg/l COPPER EXTRACTABLE µg/l COPPER TOTAL µg/l LEAD EXTRACTABLE µg/l LEAD TOTAL µg/l MOLYBDENUM TOTAL µg/l SILVER TOTAL µg/l THALLIUM TOTAL µg/l ZINC EXTRACTABLE µg/l ZINC TOTAL µg/l ARSENIC EXTRACTABLE µg/l ARSENIC TOTAL µg/l SELENIUM EXTRACTABLE µg/l SELENIUM TOTAL µg/l AMMONIA DISSOLVED mg/l NITROGEN DISSOLVED NITRATE mg/l NITROGEN DISSOLVED NO3 & NO2 mg/l NITROGEN NITRITE mg/l NITROGEN TOTAL mg/l NITROGEN TOTAL DISSOLVED mg/l PHOSPHATE DISSOLVED ORTHO mg/l PHOSPHORUS DISSOLVED ORTHO mg/l PHOSPHORUS TOTAL mg/l PHOSPHORUS TOTAL DISSOLVED mg/l

26 Table 1 Water Quality Data Summary (Cont d) Variable Units No of Values Maximum Minimum Mean Standard Deviation 95th % ile 5th % ile M 2S OXYGEN DISSOLVED mg/l RESIDUE NONFILTRABLE mg/l SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE us/cm TEMPERATURE WATER degrees C TURBIDITY NTU

27 Figure 2 Figure 3 - Aluminum ALUMINUM TOTAL /28/199 2/28/1992 2/28/1994 2/28/1996 2/28/1998 2/28/2 2/28/22 2/28/24 Aluminum (ug/l) 2

28 Figure 3 (a) - Aluminum versus Turbidity TURBIDITY Linear (TURBIDITY) Turbidity (NTU) y =.3x R 2 = Aluminum (ug/l) Figure 4 - Arsenic ARSENIC EXTRACTABLE ARSENIC TOTAL Arsenic (ug/l) /24/1979 7/24/1981 7/24/1983 7/24/1985 7/24/1987 7/24/1989 7/24/1991 7/24/1993 7/24/1995 7/24/1997 7/24/1999 7/24/21 7/24/23 21

29 Figure 4 (a) - Arsenic versus Turbidity TURBIDITY Linear (TURBIDITY) Turbidity (NTU) y = x R 2 = Arsenic (ug/l) Figure 5 - Cadmium CADMIUM EXTRACTABLE Guideline CADMIUM TOTAL Cadmium (ug/l) /24/1979 7/24/1981 7/24/1983 7/24/1985 7/24/1987 7/24/1989 7/24/1991 7/24/1993 7/24/1995 7/24/1997 7/24/1999 7/24/21 7/24/23 22

30 Figure 5 (a) - Cadmium versus Turbidity TURBIDITY Linear (TURBIDITY) Turbidity (NTU) y = 1.719x R 2 = Cadmium (ug/l) 2 Figure 6 - Chromium CHROMIUM TOTAL Guideline Cr+3 Guideline Cr+6 Chromium (ug/l) /24/1979 7/24/1981 7/24/1983 7/24/1985 7/24/1987 7/24/1989 7/24/1991 7/24/1993 7/24/1995 7/24/1997 7/24/1999 7/24/21 7/24/23 23

31 Figure 6 (a) - Chromium versus Turbidity TURBIDITY Linear (TURBIDITY) Turbidity (NTU) y = x R 2 = Chromium (ug/l) Figure 7 - Copper COPPER EXTRACTABLE Mean Guideline COPPER TOTAL Maximum Guideline Copper (ug/l) /24/1979 7/24/1981 7/24/1983 7/24/1985 7/24/1987 7/24/1989 7/24/1991 7/24/1993 7/24/1995 7/24/1997 7/24/1999 7/24/21 7/24/23 24

32 Figure 7 (a) - Copper versus Turbidity TURBIDITY Linear (TURBIDITY) Turbidity (NTU) y = 7.666x R 2 = Copper (ug/l) Figure 8 - Fluoride FLUORIDE FLUORIDE DISSOLVED Fluoride (mg/l) /24/1979 7/24/1981 7/24/1983 7/24/1985 7/24/1987 7/24/1989 7/24/1991 7/24/1993 7/24/1995 7/24/1997 7/24/1999 7/24/21 7/24/23 25

33 Figure 9 - Hardness HARDNESS TOTAL (CALCD.) CACO3 HARDNESS TOTAL CACO3 Linear (HARDNESS TOTAL (CALCD.) CACO3) R 2 = /24/1979 7/24/1981 7/24/1983 7/24/1985 7/24/1987 7/24/1989 7/24/1991 7/24/1993 7/24/1995 7/24/1997 7/24/1999 7/24/21 Hardness (mg/l CaCO3) 7/24/23 Figure 1 - Lead LEAD EXTRACTABLE LEAD TOTAL Mean Guideline Lead (ug/l) /24/1979 7/24/1981 7/24/1983 7/24/1985 7/24/1987 7/24/1989 7/24/1991 7/24/1993 7/24/1995 7/24/1997 7/24/1999 7/24/21 7/24/23 26

34 Figure 1 (a) - Lead versus Turbidity TURBIDITY Linear (TURBIDITY) Turbidity (NTU) y = x R 2 = Lead (ug/l) 15 27

35 Figure 11 - Nitrogen, Nitrite NITROGEN NITRITE /2/1994 5/2/1995 5/2/1996 5/2/1997 5/2/1998 5/2/1999 5/2/2 5/2/21 5/2/22 5/2/23 Nitrite (mg/l - N) 5/2/24 Figure 12 - Molybdenum MOLYBDENUM TOTAL Molybdenum (ug/l) /28/199 2/28/1991 2/28/1992 2/28/1993 2/28/1994 2/28/1995 2/28/1996 2/28/1997 2/28/1998 2/28/1999 2/28/2 2/28/21 2/28/22 2/28/23 2/28/24 28

36 Figure 13 - Nitrogen, Nitrate + Nitrite NO2 + NO3 (mg/l-n) /24/1979 7/24/1981 NITROGEN DISSOLVED NITRATE NITROGEN DISSOLVED NO3 & NO2 Guideline Li (NITROGEN DISSOLVED NITRATE) 7/24/1983 7/24/1985 7/24/1987 7/24/1989 7/24/1991 7/24/1993 7/24/1995 7/24/1997 R 2 =.356 7/24/1999 7/24/21 7/24/23 29

37 TDN and TN (mg/l-n) Figure 14 Total and Total Dissolved Nitrogen /24/1979 7/24/1981 7/24/1983 NITROGEN TOTAL NITROGEN TOTAL DISSOLVED NO3 Guideline 7/24/1985 7/24/1987 7/24/1989 7/24/1991 7/24/1993 7/24/1995 7/24/1997 7/24/1999 7/24/21 7/24/23 Figure 15 - ph PH Lower Guideline Upper Guideline ph (units) /24/1979 7/24/1981 7/24/1983 7/24/1985 7/24/1987 7/24/1989 7/24/1991 7/24/1993 7/24/1995 7/24/1997 7/24/1999 7/24/21 7/24/23 3

38 Figure 16 - Phosphorus PHOSPHATE DISSOLVED ORTHO PHOSPHORUS DISSOLVED ORTHO PHOSPHORUS TOTAL PHOSPHORUS TOTAL DISSOLVED Guideline /24/1979 7/24/1981 7/24/1983 7/24/1985 7/24/1987 7/24/1989 7/24/1991 7/24/1993 7/24/1995 7/24/1997 Phosphorus (mg/l) 7/24/1999 7/24/21 7/24/23 31

39 Figure 16 (a) Phosphorus versus Turbidity 25 TURBIDITY Linear (TURBIDITY) Turbidity (NTU) y = x R 2 = Phosphorus (mg/l) 32

40 Figure 17 - Residue, Non-Filterable /24/1979 7/24/1981 7/24/1983 7/24/1985 7/24/1987 7/24/1989 7/24/1991 7/24/1993 7/24/1995 NFR (mg/l) 7/24/1997 7/24/1999 7/24/21 7/24/23 Figure 18 - Selenium SELENIUM EXTRACTABLE SELENIUM TOTAL Selenium (ug/l) /24/1979 7/24/1981 7/24/1983 7/24/1985 7/24/1987 7/24/1989 7/24/1991 7/24/1993 7/24/1995 7/24/1997 7/24/1999 7/24/21 7/24/23 33

41 Figure 19 - Silver SILVER TOTAL Silver (ug/l) /22/1996 4/22/1997 4/22/1998 4/22/1999 4/22/2 4/22/21 4/22/22 4/22/23 4/22/24 34

42 Figure 2 - Temperature, Water Temperature (Degrees C) TEMPERATURE WATER Guideline 7/24/1979 7/24/1983 7/24/1987 7/24/1991 7/24/1995 7/24/1999 7/24/23 Figure 21 - Thallium THALLIUM TOTAL Thallium (ug/l) /19/23 5/19/23 7/19/23 9/19/23 11/19/23 1/19/24 3/19/24 5/19/24 7/19/24 35

43 Figure 22 - Turbidity 25 Turbidity (NTU) /24/1979 7/24/1981 7/24/1983 7/24/1985 7/24/1987 7/24/1989 7/24/1991 7/24/1993 7/24/1995 7/24/1997 7/24/1999 7/24/21 7/24/23 Figure 23 - Zinc ZINC EXTRACTABLE Mean Guideline ZINC TOTAL Maximum Guideline Zinc (ug/l) /24/1979 7/24/1981 7/24/1983 7/24/1985 7/24/1987 7/24/1989 7/24/1991 7/24/1993 7/24/1995 7/24/1997 7/24/1999 7/24/21 7/24/23 36

44 Figure 23 (a) - Zinc versus Turbidity TURBIDITY Linear (TURBIDITY) Turbidity (NTU) y = x R 2 = Zinc (ug/l) Figure 24 - Sulphate Sulphate (mg/l) SULPHATE DISSOLVED Guideline Linear (SULPHATE DISSOLVED) R 2 = /24/1979 7/24/1981 7/24/1983 7/24/1985 7/24/1987 7/24/1989 7/24/1991 7/24/1993 7/24/1995 7/24/1997 7/24/1999 7/24/21 7/24/23 37

45 Figure 25 - Sodium SODIUM DISSOLVED SODIUM EXTRACTABLE /24/1979 7/24/1981 7/24/1983 7/24/1985 7/24/1987 7/24/1989 7/24/1991 7/24/1993 7/24/1995 7/24/1997 7/24/1999 7/24/21 7/24/23 Sodium (mg/l) Figure 26 - Dissolved Oxygen Dissolved Oxygen (mg/l) /7/2 1/7/21 1/7/22 1/7/23 1/7/24 1/7/25 OXYGEN DISSOLVED Minimum Guideline 3-d mean 38

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