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1 Fig Capillaries Artery: Tunica interna Tunica media Tunica externa Nerve Vein (a) 1 mm Vein Capillaries Artery (b) 100 µm a: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.; b: Wolf H. Fahrenbach/Visuals Unlimited 1

2 Fig Lumen Tunica interna: Endothelium Basement membrane Large vein Conducting (large) artery Lumen Tunica interna: Endothelium Basement membrane Tunica media Tunica externa Vasa vasorum Nerve Tunica media Tunica externa Vasa vasorum Nerve Tunica interna: Endothelium Basement membrane Valve Medium vein Inferior vena cava Aorta Distributing (medium) artery Tunica interna: Endothelium Basement membrane Internal elastic lamina Tunica media Tunica media External elastic lamina Tunica externa Tunica externa Direction of blood flow Tunica interna: Endothelium Basement membrane Venule Arteriole Tunica interna: Endothelium Basement membrane Tunica media Tunica media Tunica externa Tunica externa Endothelium Capillary Basement membrane 2

3 Fig Carotid body (containing chemoreceptors) External carotid artery Internal carotid artery Carotid sinus (containing baroreceptors) Right common carotid artery Left common carotid artery Right subclavian artery Aortic arch Aortic bodies (containing chemoreceptors) Left subclavian artery Baroreceptors 3

4 Fig Pericyte Basal lamina Intercellular cleft Pinocytotic vesicle Endothelial cell Erythrocyte Tight junction 4

5 Fig Endothelial cells Erythrocyte Nonfenestrated area Filtration pores (fenestrations) Basal lamina (a) Intercellular cleft (b) 400 µm b: Courtesy of S. McNutt 5

6 Fig Macrophage Endothelial cells Erythrocytes in sinusoid Liver cell (hepatocyte) Microvilli Sinusoid 6

7 Fig Precapillary sphincters Metarteriole Thoroughfare channel Capillaries (a) Sphincters open Arteriole Venule Arteriole (b) Sphincters closed Venule 7

8 Fig Distribution of Blood Pulmonary circuit Heart 9% 7% Veins 64% Systemic circuit 84% Arteries 15% Capillaries 5% 8

9 Fig (a) Simplest pathway (1 capillary bed) (b) Portal system (2 capillary beds) (c) Arteriovenous anastomosis (shunt) (d) Venous anastomoses (e) Arterial anastomoses 9

10 Fig Systemic blood pressure (mm Hg) Diastolic pressure Systolic pressure 0 Increasing distance from left ventricle 10

11 Fig (a) (b) 11

12 Fig Externa Media Interna Lumen (a) (b) 30 µm a,b: Phelps, P. C. and Luft, J. H. (1969), Electron microscopical study of relaxation and constriction in frog arterioles. Am. J. Anat., 1969/125: Reproduced with permission of Wiley Inc. 12

13 Table

14 Fig Elevated blood pressure Reduced blood pressure Vasodilation Arteries stretched Reduced heart rate Reduced vasomotor tone Baroreceptors increase firing rate Increased vagal tone Cardioinhibitory neurons stimulated Reduced sympathetic tone Vasomotor center is inhibited 14

15 Fig Aorta Superior mesenteric artery Dilated Increased flow to intestines Constricted Reduced flow to intestines Common iliac arteries Constricted Dilated Reduced flow to legs Increased flow to legs (a) (b) 15

16 Fig At rest Total cardiac output 5 L/min. Moderate exercise Total cardiac output 17.5 L/min. Cutaneous 300 ml/min. (6.0%) Other Coronary 350 ml/min. 200 ml/min. (7.0%) (4.0%) Cerebral 700 ml/min. (14.0%) Renal 1,100 ml/min. (22.0%) Muscular 1,000 ml/min. (20.0%) Digestive 1,350 ml/min. (27.0%) Cerebral 750 ml/min. (4.3%) Renal 600 ml/min. (3.4%) Digestive 600 ml/min. (3.4%) Coronary Other 750 ml/min. 400 ml/min. Cutaneous (4.3%) (2.3%) 1,900 ml/min. (10.9%) Muscular 12,500 ml/min. (71.4%) 16

17 Fig Filtration pores Transcytosis Diffusion through endothelial cells Intercellular clefts 17

18 Fig Arteriole Venule Net filtration pressure: 13 out Net reabsorption pressure: 7 in 33 out 20 in Capillary 13 out 20 in Blood flow Arterial end Forces (mm Hg) Venous end 30 out +3 out 33 out 28 in 8 out 20 in 13 out Hydrostatic pressures Blood hydrostatic pressure Interstitial hydrostatic pressure Net hydrostatic pressure Colloid osmotic pressures (COP) Blood Tissue fluid Oncotic pressure (net COP) Net filtration or reabsorption pressure 10 out +3 out 13 out 28 in 8 out 20 in 7 in 18

19 Fig To heart Valve open Venous blood Valve closed (a) Contracted skeletal muscles (b) Relaxed skeletal muscles 19