The postgraduate degrees in Law are Licentiate in Laws (LL.Lic.) and Doctor of Law (LL.D).

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1 1 University of Lapland Faculty of Law Postgraduate degrees The postgraduate degrees in Law are Licentiate in Laws (LL.Lic.) and Doctor of Law (LL.D). According to the Decree on Law Degrees, the aim of postgraduate studies is to enable students to: 1) achieve a deep understanding of their field of research and its social significance, to acquire the skills necessary to apply scientific research methods independently and critically, and to generate new scientific knowledge; 2) achieve a sound understanding of the development of their chosen field, its basic research problems, and its research methods; and 3) gain such knowledge of the general theory of science and of other disciplines relating to their field of research that will enable them to follow the related developments. The licentiate and doctorate are separate degrees, although their requirements overlap to some extent. The degree of Doctor of Laws is intended for those pursuing the career of a researcher or a legal expert. The projected time required to complete the degree as a full time student is four years (240 credits). The aim of the Licentiate in Laws degree is to provide practicing lawyers with valuable, supplementary professional education. It is also possible to take the licentiate s degree as an intermediate step when studying for a doctorate. In this case, it is advisable to choose a topic for the licentiate thesis that falls within the field of the doctoral thesis; otherwise completion of the doctorate might be delayed. The recommended time required to complete the licentiate s degree is two years (120 cr.). Postgraduate studies in the Faculty of Law involve supervised work. However, the studies also require initiative and a great deal of independent work on the part of the student. During their studies, students take part in lectures and/or seminars, other course work required by the faculty or accepted as part of the degree, and write their licentiate or doctoral thesis. Regarding both degrees, postgraduate studies promote the student s scientific thinking and ability to do research independently. An additional aim of the doctoral programme is to provide graduates with the requisite preparation to assume duties as legal experts. Each year in November the faculty arranges a general degree program seminar in Rovaniemi. Those working on a doctoral thesis may present their work in the seminar. The presentation should reveal the present phase of the research, its salient research problems, procedural choices, and more detailed plans to complete the research. It is recommended that after the seminar presentation and the ensuing discussion the supervisor gives a written statement to the faculty and to the student about the phase of the research. The seminar participation and the presentation

2 2 yield credits for the courses Legal Theory and Legal History and Scientific Activity according to the principles presented later in the course descriptions. Each doctoral student is also a member of the Graduate School of the University of Lapland. The Graduate School arranges general postgraduate education events and informs about other events that are useful in the studies. Eligibility for postgraduate studies and starting the studies Students holding an LL.M. or LL.B. awarded by the Faculty of Law at the University of Lapland are eligible to register as licentiate s degree candidates in the faculty. When registering, students must specify their major subject for the licentiate s degree and preferably indicate the topic of their research as well. Licentiate candidates are taken in as students of a particular subject. Before registering, students should contact the faculty member in charge of their subject and discuss the topic of their upcoming research. Students who have completed a master s or bachelor s degree in an institution other than the University of Lapland must apply for the right to pursue a licentiate in the faculty of Law. The admissions decision regarding those students is made by the dean of the faculty. Doctoral candidates are accepted on the basis of an application submitted to the faculty. The right to pursue a doctorate is decided on by the dean, and it may be granted to students holding a licentiate s or Master s degree in law. In their application for admission to the doctoral programme, students must specify their major subject and, preferably, their research topic, provide an account of their readiness to complete the doctorate (for example, a transcript of records) and present a tentative research and study plan. In their applications, students may suggest the name(s) of the potential supervisor(s). Before submitting their application, students must contact the teacher in charge of their subject. The faculty may also accept students who have completed a foreign equivalent of the LL.M. as licentiate or doctoral candidates, provided that the applicants are considered to fulfil the requirements for completing the postgraduate degree in question. Given particularly weighty reasons, the right to complete a postgraduate degree may be granted to students who have completed a master-level degree in a field other than law but who are considered to have the readiness to pursue the degree in question. Before beginning their studies, students should register as present at the university s Student Services. During the postgraduate studies, students must indicate their status as present or absent annually at a time designated by the university.

3 3 Students holding a foreign degree Applicants seeking the right to pursue postgraduate studies based on a foreign degree are required to demonstrate that they are capable of completing the degree in question and that they have a good knowledge of Finnish, Swedish or English. Language skills are assessed using a test approved by the dean, where the applicant must achieve at least the prescribed level. The language skills may also be demonstrated in some other manner approved by the dean. No test is required if the applicant has completed his or her Master s degree in Finnish, Swedish, or English. Under special circumstances, the dean may decide that good skills or a Master s degree completed in a language other than these three is sufficient to fulfil the language requirement. Applicants seeking the right to complete postgraduate studies based on a foreign degree must attach to their application an officially certified copy of their diploma and all other certificates on which their application is based. If a certificate has been issued in a language other than Finnish, Swedish or English, an official translation in one of those languages must be appended to the application. Under special circumstances, the dean may accept certificates in other languages. The applicant must also attach a tentative study plan, a tentative financial plan, curriculum vitae, and a letter of reference from at least two experts on the applicant s potential to undertake postgraduate study. An applicant seeking the right to engage in postgraduate studies based on a foreign degree may be granted that right only if he or she is considered to have the potential to complete the postgraduate studies and if a supervisor can be found who agrees to accept him or her as a student. Confirmation of a tentative study plan and the assignment of a supervisor Licentiate s degree Upon the student s request, the faculty will confirm the major subject for the degree and the tentative study plan and assigns a supervisor for the student. The supervisor will be a tenured or acting professor who has completed a doctorate, has academic achievements entitling him or her to a doctor s degree, or is a docent. One or, if necessary, two supervisors may be appointed. The appointment requires a written consent from both the instructor and the student. The faculty confirms the licentiate student s research topic and maintains a record of topics. If the student intends to complete the licentiate thesis in the form of a set of studies (articles), this must be mentioned when requesting confirmation of the research topic. If the student does not present a research topic for confirmation when the major is approved and when the supervisor is assigned, he or she must do so at the beginning of the studies. Doctor s degree Upon the student s request, the faculty confirms the major subject for the degree, approves the tentative research and study plan, and assigns a supervisor for the student. The faculty will assign the student a supervisor, either one that has been

4 4 proposed or, where no proposal has been made, a teacher of the subject stated in the student s application. The supervisor will be a tenured or acting professor who has completed a doctorate, has academic achievements entitling him or her to a doctor s degree, or is a docent. One or, if necessary, two supervisors may be appointed. The appointment requires a written consent from both the instructor and the student. If there are two supervisors, one of them is appointed as the chief supervisor. The faculty confirms the doctoral student s research topic and maintains a record of topics. If the student intends to complete the dissertation in the form of a set of studies (articles), this must be mentioned when requesting confirmation of the research topic. If the research topic is not confirmed when granting the study right, the topic must be presented for confirmation at the beginning of studies. The student must discuss the topic of the thesis and the study plan with the proposed supervisor or the teacher in charge of the subject before the issue is submitted to the Faculty Council for consideration. The normal auditing procedure and the postgraduate student s self-evaluation are part of postgraduate studies. Supervision and study plan The student and the supervisor(s) agree on a personal study plan (PSP) for the student, which then serves as a tool for future work between them. The PSP is based on the tentative study plan which is approved at the beginning of the studies. A more detailed PSP is drawn up early on by the student and his or her supervisor. The PSP must indicate the motivation for and objectives of the student s postgraduate studies. It must also have the timetable, the order in which the studies will be completed, and a plan of how contact between the student and the supervisor will be arranged. Students intending to complete their research as a set of studies (articles) must include a plan of the dissertation as a whole and the themes of the component studies in their PSP. A model PSP can be requested from the faculty s Chief Student Affairs Officer and/or Chief of Administration. The student s supervisor must ensure that a PSP is written and that it is amended and supplemented as the studies progress. The plan must be delivered for archiving at least once during the studies, preferably at the beginning. The student may deliver an amended study plan for archiving each time it has been altered significantly. The student and his or her supervisor meet every term, although the need may vary depending on the phase of the research and the need for supervision. In any event, students must report on the progress of their research and studies at least once a year. The annual reporting can be done for example at a degree program seminar. In practice, the supervision takes place in accordance with the recommendations for doctoral thesis supervision approved on 25 October 2005 by the Teaching and Research Council of the University of Lapland. Written guidelines may be requested from the Chief of Administration.

5 5 Structure of postgraduate studies Structural diagram LL.Lic. LL.D. 1) Postgraduate examination (LL.Lic. / LL.D., 15 cr.) LL.Lic. LL.D. LL.Lic. + LL.D. LL.D. 2) Legal theory and legal history (LL.Lic. / LL.D., 15 cr.) 3) Scientific activity / Professional courses for the licentiate s degree (LL.Lic., 10 cr. LL.D., total 15 cr. of which 10 cr. can be completed already in connection with the LL.Lic. degree) 4) Expert skills (LL.D., 15 cr.) LL.Lic. + LL.D. 5) Licentiate research (LL.Lic., 80 cr.) 5) Dissertation (LL.D., 180 cr.) Contents of postgraduate studies 1) Postgraduate examination (15 cr.) LL.Lic. / LL.D.: The postgraduate examination in the major subject of the licentiate/doctoral degree is completed as part of the degree. If the examination is taken as part of the studies for the licentiate s degree, the student need not take it again for the doctorate, provided that the major subject remains the same. Objectives: The aim of the postgraduate examination is to ensure that students have the required knowledge of the principal theories in their major subject and of the special issues related to their thesis topic that they need to pursue postgraduate studies. Requirements for the licentiate/doctoral degree: The requirements for the literature examination are defined for each student individually. When the requirements have been decided on, they are recorded in the

6 6 student s PSP. The point of departure is that the examination will cover from 1,500 to 1,800 pages of literature. Some of the literature studied for the examination is to be in a foreign language. Instead of taking a literature examination, students may complete part or, under special circumstances, all of these requirements in another manner approved by their supervisor. These alternatives may include seminars, essays or, in the case of a licentiate, professionally oriented courses. In such case the supervisor determines the number of credits to be given. The principles stated below in section 3) can be used as one starting point for the assessment. The supervisor must deliver a notice of the approved achievements and substitution decisions to the faculty office. It is recommended that students complete the postgraduate examination early on in their studies, as this will give them a sound basis for their upcoming research. Responsible teacher: The supervisor appointed for the postgraduate studies. 2) LEGAL THEORY AND LEGAL HISTORY (15 cr.) LL.Lic. / LL.D.: Studies in legal theory and legal history are completed as part of the LL.Lic. or LL.D. degree. Students must complete a total of 15 cr. of approved studies in legal theory and legal history. If these studies have been completed as part of the licentiate s degree, they need not be completed again for the doctorate. The legal theory studies consist of general methodology studies (5 cr.) and a theoretical part related to one s own research (5 cr.). The scope of legal history is also 5 cr. Learning objectives: Having completed the Legal Theory and Legal History studies, the postgraduate students are able to - recognize issues related to the methods of research on law and jurisprudence - see the status and meaning of the sources of law in jurisprudence - apply general methodology questions to the theme of their own research - recognize dimensions of legal history related to their own topic of research Requirements: A) General Methodology Course. Lectures (10 hours) and an essay (3,000 words). The methodology course is arranged annually in connection with the general postgraduate education day taking place in November. Hannu Tolonen s Oikeuslähdeoppi (2003) (Sources of Law Theory) is read as background material for the methodology course. B) The student and the supervisor agree on a topic area, after which the student contacts Professor Juha Karhu to agree on a specific topic. The required perfor-

7 7 mance is an essay of 5,000 words, which may be used as part of the postgraduate student s licentiate or doctoral thesis. C) Legal history. Completion agreed on with Professor Kirsi Kuusikko. Part C advances the postgraduate student s knowledge of legal history from the viewpoint of his or her own research topic. The studies should be built around three concepts: history of law/society in general, the legal history of an individual branch of law, and international legal history. In selecting books for literature examinations and topics for essays, part C should be based on those three entities. Except for requirement A), the literature exam requirements are defined personally according to the needs of each postgraduate student and they are entered into the student s personal study plan. Instead of taking the literature exams, the requirements can be fulfilled in a corresponding manner approved by the responsible teacher. For example seminars, lectures, or essays can be used as substituting performance. The lectures and seminars arranged by the Faculty of Law at the University of Lapland are announced at the beginning of each term. Courses and seminars completed outside the University of Lapland can also be approved as achievements. These are approved by the teacher responsible for the legal theory and legal history studies. An account of achievements completed elsewhere than at the University of Lapland can be made by using a form received from the chief student affairs officer or the chief of administration, or by some other means approved by the responsible teacher. The responsible teacher assesses the number of credits to be given for the performance. The principles stated below in section 3) can be used as one starting point for the assessment. The responsible teacher must deliver a notice of the approved achievements and substitution decisions to the Faculty Office. To support the upcoming research, it is recommended to complete the legal theory and legal history studies at the beginning of the postgraduate studies. Responsible teacher: Part A and B (legal theory): the responsible teacher is Professor Juha Karhu. Part C (legal history): the responsible teacher is Professor Kirsi Kuusikko. 3) SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITY / PROFESSIONAL COURSES FOR THE LICENTIATE S DEGREE (LL.Lic. 10 cr. / LL.D. 15 cr.) LL.Lic. / LL.D.: Students pursuing the LL.Lic. degree must complete a total of 10 credits comprising work that demonstrates scientific activity and/or courses that are arranged as part of the professionally oriented licentiate s degree. Students pursuing the LL.D. degree must complete a total of 15 credits of work demonstrating scientific activity. When calculating this total sum, studies completed in conjunction with possible earlier LL.Lic. studies are taken into consideration. Thus, if the student has completed 10 cr. of the requirements in conjunction with the

8 8 LL.Lic., he or she need only complete an additional 5 credits to fulfil the doctoral requirement. Objectives: The aim of the studies is to activate students to take part in various scientific events and activities. An additional objective is to increase their preparedness to give presentations at scientific events, to write scientific articles, and to pursue opportunities to do research abroad. Requirements: A) Participation in postgraduate seminars arranged by the faculty and/or B) Participation in teaching arranged by the doctoral program on legal cultures LeCTra operating in the Faculty of Law at the University of Lapland, by the nationwide doctoral program on law OMM, and by the Graduate School of the University of Lapland or in postgraduate education seminars and scientific conferences in Finland and abroad and completion of courses and studies dealing with research ethics. and/or C) Writing scientific articles and/or D) Research work abroad and a report thereof Postgraduate students must complete the requirements they have chosen at the University of Lapland, elsewhere in Finland, or abroad. An account of achievements performed elsewhere than at the University of Lapland can be made by using a form acquired from the chief student affairs officer or the chief of administration, or by some other means approved by the responsible teacher. It is recommended that the work for this requirement include at least two seminars or conferences at which the student gives a presentation of his or her research. The student s supervisor determines the work that will be accepted as part of the degree. If a course/seminar has already been assigned a certain value in credits, the course/seminar will be approved accordingly. If no value has been assigned, the student s supervisor will assess the credit to be awarded. The criteria used in this assessment are the following: - Participation in lectures (less than 10 hours), a seminar, a reading/study circle, etc. = 1 cr. - Participation in a seminar (less than 10 hours) with an own presentation = 2 cr. - Participation in a seminar (10 hours or more) = 2 cr. - Participation in a seminar (10 hours or more) with an own presentation = 3 cr. - An article published in a scientific journal or a manuscript assessed as publishable by the student s supervisor (at least 8 pages) = 3 cr. - An article published in a refereed Finnish journal (at least 8 pages) = 4 cr. - An article published in a refereed foreign journal (at least 8 pages) = 5 cr. - Research work done abroad = 2 cr. per month The supervisor must deliver a notice of the achievements to the faculty office. A maximum of 15 credits can be entered in the credit record.

9 9 Responsible teacher: The supervisor appointed for the postgraduate studies. Supervisors are encouraged to organize postgraduate seminars in their subjects and to directly inform students of them. 4) EXPERT SKILLS (LL.D. 15 cr.) LL.D.: Students working towards the LL.D. degree must complete a total of 15 credits of expert skills studies. The licentiate s degree does not include expert skills studies. Objectives: The aim of the expert skills studies is to give doctoral students the knowledge and skills they will need to work in a variety of legal expert duties after completing their degree. Requirements: A) Seminars and courses dealing with expert skills (e.g. writing strategies, scientific communication, legal information management skills, presentation, negotiation, project management, or pedagogical skills) and/or B) Work involving practical legal duties contributing to the student s doctoral research and a report thereof and/or C) For those who have completed a foreign equivalent of the Finnish LL.M., studies relating to the Finnish language, Finnish culture, or the Finnish legal system which improve the students ability to work as experts in Finland (e.g. the course Introduction to Finnish Law ). The courses to be completed are agreed upon with each student individually in accordance with his or her needs. Courses complying with the requirements of this module can be found among those offered by the university s Graduate School. Courses and seminars completed outside the University of Lapland can also be accepted as study achievements. These are approved by the teacher responsible for the expert skills studies. An account of achievements completed elsewhere than at the University of Lapland can be made by using a form received from the chief student affairs officer or the chief of administration, or by some other means approved by the responsible teacher. The responsible teacher assesses the number of credits to be given for the achievement. The principles stated above in section 3) can be used as a starting point for the assessment. The faculty recommends that during their studies doctoral students acquire practical experience that supports their research, for example, by completing training on the bench (conferring the title of

10 10 varatuomari).the credit given for practical training is determined on a case-by-case basis. The responsible teacher determines which achievements may be accepted as part of the postgraduate degree and submits a report of the student s achievements to the faculty office. A maximum of 15 credits can be entered in the credit record. Responsible teacher: The responsible teacher is Professor Juha Karhu. 5) LICENTIATE THESIS (80 cr.) / DOCTORAL THESIS (180 cr.) Licentiate thesis The licentiate s degree requires the writing of a thesis in which the student is to demonstrate a sound knowledge of his or her area of research as well as a preparedness to apply scientific research methods critically and independently. A professionally oriented thesis must demonstrate that the author is thoroughly familiar with his or her professional field and that he or she is able to use legal research methods. The length of the licentiate thesis is from 100 to 150 pages. A licentiate thesis may also encompass a number of scientific publications or manuscripts vetted for publication. These must be deemed sufficient by the university, deal with the same set of problems, and be accompanied by a paper summarising the findings. Alternatively, the thesis may comprise some other work which meets corresponding scientific criteria. The publications may include coauthored publications if the author's independent contribution to them can be demonstrated. Before the licentiate thesis is submitted for assessment, the author must defend it in a public postgraduate seminar. The opponent is the teacher appointed to examine the work or another expert. Examination and assessment of the licentiate thesis The Faculty Council will appoint two examiners for the licentiate thesis. The supervisor may act as one of the examiners. The other examiner should be from a faculty or university other than that of the supervisor. Two copies of the licentiate thesis are submitted for assessment. A summary page must be included. The summary form to be submitted is available at or at the faculty office. The licentiate thesis is assessed on a scale from 5 to 10. Both the topic and the grade of the thesis are marked on the licentiate s diploma.

11 11 After the licentiate thesis has been approved, if not before, the student must submit five additional copies of the work to the faculty office. These will be distributed to the libraries of the Faculties of Law at the Universities of Helsinki, Turku, and Lapland and to the Library of Parliament. LL.Lic. taken at the University of Helsinki or at the University of Turku An LL.Lic. completed at the University of Helsinki or at the University of Turku is the equivalent of an LL.Lic. completed at the University of Lapland. Doctoral candidates at the University of Lapland who have completed an LL.Lic. at the University of Helsinki or Turku do not need to complete LL.Lic. studies at the University of Lapland. Doctoral thesis The doctoral thesis must demonstrate that the author has the ability to apply scientific research methods independently and that one has a sound knowledge of one s field and a profound knowledge of one s own area of research. The recommended length of the doctoral thesis is from 250 to 300 pages. A doctoral thesis may also encompass a number of scientific publications or manuscripts vetted for publication. These must be deemed sufficient by the university, deal with the same set of problems, and be accompanied by a paper summarising the findings. Alternatively, the thesis may comprise some other work which meets corresponding scientific criteria. The publications may include coauthored publications if the author's independent contribution to them can be demonstrated. Before the doctoral thesis is submitted for assessment, the author must defend it at a public defence. Public defence, approval, and assessment of the doctoral thesis Pre-examination and permission to defend the thesis The Faculty Council will appoint the pre-examiners for the doctoral thesis upon application by the student. As a rule, the application should not be processed until the student s supervisor has issued a statement recommending that the thesis be accepted for a pre-examination. This is because the supervisor has an obligation to ensure that the work fulfils the requirements set for a doctoral thesis. The supervisor must also make sure that the language level in the thesis proposed for examination corresponds to the requirements of a doctoral thesis. When necessary, the supervisor must guide the student to have the language inspected and corrected to a sufficient degree.

12 12 If the student so insists, the pre-examiners may be appointed even if the supervisor has not approved the appointment. In such cases, the Faculty Council will request a statement on the matter from the supervisor. The principal criterion in choosing thesis examiners is to find persons with the requisite expertise for the task. Only a person holding a doctor's degree or a corresponding foreign degree can act as a pre-examiner. One of the pre-examiners must be a member of the Faculty of Law at a university other than the University of Lapland. Qualified examiners can be found not only in the student s own faculty (mainly professors and docents) but in other faculties of law and at other universities where law is taught, including foreign universities. Interaction between domestic and international science should be promoted in the pre-examination of theses, and therefore it is recommendable to use foreign experts as pre-examiners. At least one of the pre-examiners should, however, be a person who is familiar with Finnish scientific practices and assessment criteria for doctoral theses. Yet both preexaminers may be from foreign universities if suitable experts cannot be found in Finland or if the use of two foreign pre-examiners can be justified in some other way. In order to expedite the thesis pre-examination procedure, the Faculty Council generally sets a deadline of three months by which the examiners are to complete their task. Statements recommending that the thesis be defended are based on the version of the manuscript examined. A recommending statement can be approved even with correction proposals if the suggested corrections do not affect the granting of permission to defend the thesis. The pre-examiners must set forth grounds for positive as well as negative statements. If the pre-examination does not result within the prescribed time in a statement recommending that permission be granted to defend the thesis, the preexamination procedure will expire, unless the doctoral candidate specifically wants to bring the matter before the Faculty Council for a decision. Pursuant to an agreement between the examiners and the degree candidate, the pre-examination procedure may be extended for a reasonable time past the prescribed deadline in order to allow the candidate to make any necessary corrections. Extensions of the examination period should be reported either orally or in writing to the dean and the faculty office. When the pre-examination procedure has failed, the doctoral candidate may request for a new preliminary examination when the amendments suggested in the rejecting statement, or other amendments, have been made and the instructor recommends starting the pre-examination procedure.

13 13 Distribution of the thesis The degree candidate must ensure that the thesis is publicly distributed in printed or other appropriate form prior to the defence. It is recommended that doctoral theses in law be published in book form. The faculty recommends that they be published in a renowned series of books with a broad circulation. If, exceptionally, the thesis is published solely in electronic form, the place of publication must be an electronic publication series approved by the University of Lapland, another university, or a commercial publisher. The series must have publishing practices with clear, established, and publicly available rules and standards. The doctoral candidate must always submit a required number of copies of the thesis to the university. If the thesis has been published in electronic form only, the faculty will notify the candidate about the form in which the copies must be submitted before the public examination and approval of the thesis. As a rule, the candidate should be prepared to provide the required number of copies of the thesis to the faculty in bound, paper form. Opponent Normally, one of the pre-examiners is appointed as the opponent at the defence, although two opponents may be designated when necessary. An international expert can be asked to act as an opponent also in those cases when it is not feasible or reasonable to request him or her to be a pre-examiner. Interaction between international and Finnish research should be supported also when assessing dissertations. In assessing the standard of a doctoral thesis on the basis of the preexamination and the defence, it must be ensured that the assessment criteria are those used in Finland. Assessment Board Unless special reasons exist for proceeding otherwise, the assessment board for a thesis will be composed of the opponent(s), the pre-examiners, the Custos, the candidate s supervisor, and the tenured professor (or docent) of the relevant subject at the University of Lapland. Assessment Within six weeks after the defence, the opponent must submit to the faculty a statement either accepting or rejecting the thesis. The opponent must justify the statement. In particular, the statement must indicate the criteria used in determining the quality of the work.

14 14 The assessment proposal is made by the assessment board appointed by the Faculty Council. The proposal recommends that the thesis be either accepted or rejected. A thesis proposed to be accepted will not be graded. If an approved thesis is considered to be exceptionally meritorious, the assessment board, setting forth the grounds in its statement, may propose that the Faculty Council grade the thesis as accepted with honours. Achievements and their assessment The postgraduate examination and the legal theory and legal history studies are assessed on a scale from 1 to 5. The modules Expert Skills and Scientific Activity are assessed on a pass/fail basis. Degree certificate Once the postgraduate student has fulfilled all the requirements for a licentiate s or doctor s degree, he or she must apply for a degree certificate from the faculty office. Before submitting the application, the student must ensure that he or she has completed everything that is required for the degree. Study counselling Postgraduate study counselling is given by the teachers of individual subjects during their office hours. Postgraduate education issues are presented to the Faculty Council by the chief of administration (doctoral studies) and the chief student affairs officer (licentiate studies). Chief of Administration Markku Vartiainen (doctoral studies) Tel markku.vartiainen@ulapland.fi Chief Student Affairs Officer Pirkko Huhtaniska (licentiate studies) Tel Pirkko.huhtaniska@ulapland.fi