Subject Index. Data controlled, 73

Transcription

1 Subject Index ABA and ABAB designs, ABACA/ACABA design, Abstracts, Accidental discoveries, Alternating treatments design, American Psychological Association (APA), 469 publication manual, , 477, 478, 479 American Speech-Language-Hearing Association publication style for, 469 Applied behavior analysis, Attrition as a factor in internal validity, BAB design, Baselines, criteria of, definition of, simultaneous multibaselines, Basic research, Blinding in randomized clinical trials, and placebo effects, Case study method, Causality and functional analysis, instigating versus maintaining causes, multiple causation, Changing criterion design, Clinical and applied research, 11 13, defined, 171 descriptive and experimental, epidemiological research, importance of, strengths and limitations of, 177 Clinical generality, 86 Clinical validity, Clinicians as consumers of research, 511 education, training models and, problems associated with research practices and, as researchers, Communicative behaviors client-assisted measurement of, indirect measures of (self-reports) of, measures of, duration of, frequency of, interresponse time, 193 latency, 194 momentary time sampling, time sampling, verbal interaction sampling, Communicative disorders as a discipline, 5 Control as an outcome of science, 54 Control conditions in single-subject treatment research, baselines, criterion-referenced change, rapid alternations, reinstatement of treatment, replication, reversal of treatment, simultaneous multibaselines, withdrawal of treatment, Control groups, 103 ethical issues with, Control mechanisms in group treatment research control and experimental groups, 103 matching, random assignment of participants, random selection of participants, single or double blinding, Controlling relation versus controlled conditions, 64 Correlational analysis design, Counterbalanced within-subjects designs, Criterion-referenced change as a control mechanism, Data controlled,

2 578 Subject Index Data (continued ) defined, 72 descriptive, 73 evidence and, quantitative, 72 replicated, 74 uncontrolled, 73 Deduction, Dependent variables, See also Variables integrity of, 439 magnitude of change in, 440 philosophical aspects of, Designs versus paradigms in research, See also Philosophy philosophical ways of handling methodological problems, philosophy as methodology, 425 philosophy of subject matters, philosophy of the science of speech and language, research methods and subject matters, Designs of research. See Research designs Determinism, 48 Diffusion of treatment as a factor in internal validity, Direct replication, Dissemination of research findings, 560 Education and training models of speech language pathologists, Effects of science on society, Efficacy of treatment procedures. See Treatment research evidence hierarchy Efficacy versus effectiveness of treatment, Empiricism, 49 Epidemiological research, case control studies, cohort studies, 176 community intervention, controlled treatment evaluations, 175 defined, 174 field trials, 175 prospective studies, 176 retrospective studies, 176 Ethical issues with treatment research methods, concerns with informed consent procedures, concerns with no-treatment control groups, concerns with participant recruitment, concerns with placebo control groups, concerns with randomization, concerns with treatment withdrawal and reversal, Ethical justification of treatment evaluation, controlled evaluation versus routine treatment, 540 ethical justification, 539 necessity of treatment evaluation, Ethics of research. See also Ethical justification of treatment evaluation; Ethical issues with treatment research methods; Human participant protection consequences of ethical constraints, dissemination of research findings and, 560 effects of science on society, fraud in scientific research, issues with treatment research methods, protecting animal subjects and, protection of human participants and, treatment research methods, Evaluation of group and single-subject design strategies, advantages of group designs, advantages of single-subject designs, 409 disadvantages of group designs, disadvantages of single-subject designs, personal reasons and, 413 philosophical considerations in, 412 problems common to design strategies, research questions and investigative strategies, soundness of data in, Evaluation of research reports, 17 18, appreciation and, external relevance, internal consistency evaluation,

3 Subject Index 579 outline for, professionals need for, 511 understanding and, use of a hierarchy of evidence in, Evidence and data, Experiment defined, 63 procedures of, Experimental analysis of behavior, Experimental groups, 103 Experimental research, Experimental single-subject designs, See also Single-subject designs Explanation, 54 Ex post facto research, External relevance evaluation, External validity. See Generality Factorial designs, completely randomized factorial design, randomized blocks design, Format of scientific reports, abstract, 471 appendix, discussion, introduction, method, 473 references, 477 results, 475 title page, 471 Generality (external validity), 74, 80, , defined, 234, 375 direct replication, failed replications and, generalization and, 246 Hawthorne effect and, homo- and heterogeneity of subjects and, multiple treatment interference and, pretest posttest sensitization and, statistical, systematic replication, of treatment variables and treatment packages, types of, across clients, across ethnocultural groups, 240 across experimenters, across response classes, 242 across settings, clinical, logical, statistical (inferential), types and limitations of, Group design strategy, advantages and disadvantages of, carryover effects in, ceiling and floor effects, in clinical research, common characteristics of, correlational analysis design, counterbalanced within-subjects designs, complex counterbalanced designs, cross-over design, limitations of, one-group single-treatment counterbalanced design, development of statistical concepts and techniques and, hypothesis testing, random sampling, inferential statistics, and inferential generality, statistical significance, theory of probability and normal probability curve, factorial designs, completely randomized factorial design, randomized blocks design, multiple treatment evaluation, multigroup pretest posttest design, multigroup posttest-only design, preexperimental designs, one-group pretest posttest design, one-shot case study, static group comparison, quasi-experimental designs,

4 580 Subject Index Group design strategy (continued ) nonequivalent control group design, separate-sample pretest posttest design, time-series designs, true experimental designs, posttest-only control group design, pretest posttest control group design, Solomon Four-group design, Hawthorne effect, History as a factor in internal validity, 227 Human participants protection procedures, See also Ethics of research history of, informed consent in, 545 Institutional Review Boards and, National Research Act and, 542 privacy of the participants and, risk benefit ratio and, Hypothesis in scientific research, defined, 64 null hypothesis, the need for, theories and, Hypothesis testing, Improvement as a consequence of treatment, Independent variables, locus of, manipulation of, Induction, Inductive and deductive reasoning, Inferential generality, 85 86, , Instrumentation as a factor in internal validity, Interactional design, Internal consistency evaluation, Internal validity, 90, factors that affect, attrition, diffusion of treatment, history, instrumentation, maturation, 228 statistical regression, 231 subject selection biases, testing, Knowledge, in-house, 8 10 Literature research searching aggregated databases, 453 searching journals, searching printed abstracts, Logical generality, 86, Matching, limitations of, Maturation as a factor in internal validity, 228 Measurement client assisted, of communicative behaviors, defined, 52, 185 idemnotic, 186 indirect measures, levels of, interval, 189 nominal, 188 ordinal, ratio, 189 mechanical aids to, observer and, philosophies of, , reliability of, self-report and, vaganotic, 186 Mentalism, 59 Multiple baseline designs, across behaviors, across settings, across subjects, additional controls in, problems of repeated baselines in, Multiple treatment comparisons, ,

5 Subject Index 581 ABACA/ACABA design, alternating treatments design, factorial designs, ineffective treatments in, 356 multigroup posttest-only design, multigroup pretest posttest design, simultaneous treatment design, Multiple treatment interference, Normal probability curve, Normative research, Null hypothesis, Objectivity, definition of, 52 Observation, 52, 185 everyday and scientific, 185 and measurement, 52, 185 mechanical aids and, observer and, as a sensory process, 50, 185 Observer, bias of, training of, Partial sequential withdrawal design, 362 Partial withdrawal design, Periodic treatments design, Philosophical ways of handling methodological problems, integrity of dependent variables, 439 intersubject variability, 438 magnitude of change in the dependent variables, 440 Philosophy interplay between methodology and, limitations of exclusively methodological approaches, 423 locus of the independent variable, as methodology, 425 philosophical aspects of dependent variables, philosophy of measurement, of the science of speech and language, of subject matters, Placebo, Population, 93, Preexperimental (group) designs, Preexperimental single-subject designs, Quasi-experimental designs, nonequivalent control group design, separate-sample pretest posttest design, time-series designs, Random assignment of participants, Random procedure, 92 97, Randomized clinical trials, , cluster sampling, 94 ethical issues with control groups in, experimental control and internal validity in, nonprobability sampling in, population in, 93 probability sampling in, proportional stratified sampling in, 94 sample in, 93 self-selection in, simple random sampling, 93 statistical generality versus clinical validity in, stratified random sampling in, 94 systematic sampling in, 94 treatment research in medicine versus communicative disorders and, Rapid alternations as a control mechanism, Reasoning inductive and deductive, and theory construction, Reinstatement of treatment as a control mechanism, Reliability of measurement, correlation and, 207 defined, interobserver, intraobserver, of tests versus research data, Young s formula of, 206 Replication as a control mechanism,

6 582 Subject Index Replication (continued ) and development of treatment packages, direct, failed, homo- and heterogeneity of participants in, systematic, Research accidental, apparatus failure and, definition of, 24, formal view of, formative view of, reasons for doing curiosity, demonstration of certain effects, explanation of events, solve practical problems, serendipity in, types of clinical and applied research, experimental research, ex post facto research, normative research, relation between research questions and, 180 sample surveys, standard-group comparisons, Research designs definition and description of, generality and, group designs, See also Group design strategy as means of controlling variability, problems common to, single-subject designs, See also Single-subject designs structure and logic of, validity of experimental operations and, Research hypothesis, 259 Research reports formats of, abstract, appendix, discussion, introduction, method, references, 477 results, 475 title page, 471 types of, 470 Research questions the classic varieties of, description of, , how to formulate, and investigative strategies, methods and, searching aggregated databases for, 453 searching journals for, searching printed abstracts for, significance of, specifying the variables in technical language, Research types. See Types of research Response maintenance designs to assess, Rosenthal effect, 241 Sample, 93, size of and generality, Sample surveys, Sampling equivalency, 97 Sampling techniques, nonprobability (nonrandom) sampling, consecutive sampling, 95 convenience sampling, 95 purposive sampling, quota sampling, 96 self-selection and, 95 snowball sampling, 96 random sampling, cluster sampling, 94 nonprobability sampling, probability sampling, proportional stratified sampling, 94 simple random sampling, 93 stratified random sampling, 94 systematic sampling, 94 Science as behavior, 50 51

7 Subject Index 583 description of, misconceptions about, 47 outcome of, control, 54 description, 53 explanation, 54 prediction, 54 understanding, 53 as a philosophy, as a set of methods, Scientific laws, 72 Scientific method, the need to study, 5 8 legal, social considerations and, 6 professional, scientific considerations and, 7 8 Scientific reports. See Writing scientific reports Scientists characteristics of, misconceptions about, Self-selection of participants, Sequential withdrawal design, 361 Serendipity in research, Simultaneous multibaselines as control mechanisms, Simultaneous treatments design, Single-subject designs, advantages and disadvantages of, for assessing interactions, for assessing response maintenance, baselines in, carryover and contrast effects in, characteristics of, intensive study of participants, logical generality, 323 repeated measurement, selection of available participants, 322 visual inspection of data, in clinical research, in behavioral and educational research, in medical research, experimental control in, , 325 historical background of, study of the individual, experimental analysis of behavior, applied behavior analysis, ineffective treatments in multiple treatment evaluations, 356 for multiple treatment comparisons, ABACA/ACABA design, alternating treatments design, simultaneous treatments design, order effects and counterbalancing in, preexperimental, for single treatment evaluation, AB design, ABA reversal design, ABA withdrawal design, ABAB design, BAB design, changing criterion design, multiple baseline designs, periodic treatments design, Standard-group comparisons, Statistical concepts and techniques and group designs, Statistical generality, Statistical regression as a factor in internal validity, Statistical significance, Statistics, 16 versus research designs, Strata, 94 Subject selection bias as a factor in internal validity, Systematic replication, Technology, 28 defined, 28 and research, 28 and science, 47 Testing as a factor in internal validity, Theories defined, 67 deductive, inductive, inductive and deductive compared, 70 71

8 584 Subject Index and scientific laws, 72 and scientific reasoning, Theory of probability and normal probability curve, Theses and dissertations, preparation of, Time-series designs, multiple-group time-series designs, single-group time-series designs, Treatment conditions necessary to claim, consequences of, effects, improvement, maintained, outcomes, efficacy versus effectiveness, Treatment evaluation. See also Ethics of research and Ethical justification of treatment evaluation ethics of, Treatment research, classification of, controlled directly replicated, 142 controlled systematically replicated, controlled unreplicated, uncontrolled directly replicated, uncontrolled systematically replicated, uncontrolled unreplicated, controlled, 79 defined, 79 directly replicated, 79 group, random assignment of participants in, random selection of participants in, logical and empirical constraints in, in medicine versus communicative disorders, randomized clinical trials versus single-subject, systematically replicated, 80 uncontrolled, 79 Treatment research evidence hierarchy, Level 1, uncontrolled unreplicated, 524 Level 2, uncontrolled directly replicated, 525 Level 3, uncontrolled systematically replicated, 525 Level 4, controlled unreplicated, Level 5, controlled directly replicated, 526 Level 6, controlled systematically replicated, True experimental (group) designs, Type I error, 259 Type II error, 259 Types of research, clinical and applied research, experimental research, ex post facto research, normative research, relation between research questions and, 180 sample surveys, standard-group comparisons, Validity. See also Generality; Internal Validity defined, 226 of experimental operations, generality (external validity), internal, Validity and generality of treatment research data, clinical generality, 86 clinical validity, generality, defined, 85 logical generality, 86 statistical generality, Variables active and assigned, defined, 54 dependent, integrity of, 439 magnitude of change in, 440 philosophical aspects of, independent, locus of, intervening, Variability, group designs and, single-subject designs and, 224 statistical means of handling, 224 types of error, 222

9 Subject Index 585 extraneous, 222 extrinsic, intersubject, 438 intrinsic, systematic, 222 Withdrawal of treatment as a control mechanism, Writing scientific reports. See also Scientific reports APA format of, conceptual considerations in, adequate writing, clear writing, coherent writing, concise writing, knowledge of the readership, 493 and revising, structural principles of, agreement, modifiers, parallel forms, punctuation, 492 sentence structure, shifts within and between sentences, verbs, without bias, Writing style,