Phonetics & Phonology

Transcription

1 Ling 240 Phonetics & Phonology

2 Agenda Articulatory processes: Sounds are pronounced differently in different environments Using diacritics to represent other features of phones (narrow transcription) phones vs. phonemes Phonological analyses

3 English [p] vs. Spanish [p] English Spanish pin [p h ] poco [p] pool [p h ] peso [p] pace [p h ] papa [p] pill [p h ]

4 English [t] vs. Spanish [t] English Spanish tool [t h ] todo [t] tea [t h ] te [t]

5 Aspiration Aspiration: Period of voicelessness after release of the stop (before the following vowel)

6 Aspiration

7 Aspiration pin spin tip

8 Aspiration tall stall bit note notation attack

9 Aspiration

10 Aspiration [p], [t], [k]

11

12 (Narrow) Transcription time tree pot stop water button

13 Did you transcribe them like this? time tree pot stop water button [tåim] [tri] [påt] [ståp] [wåt\r] [b t\n]

14 The t is pronounced differently in each word time tree pot stop water button [t h åim] [tßri] [p h åt ] [ståp] [wå \r] [b\ \n]

15 The t is pronounced differently in each word time tree pot stop water button [t h åim] [tßri] [p h åt ] [ståp] [wå \r] [b\ \n] aspirated palatalized unreleased unaspirated flap (voiced) glottal stop

16 Why are they all spelled with a t?

17 How do we store the pronunciations of water and button? [wå \r] or [wåt\r] [b\ \n] [b\t\n]

18 Hypothesis A: [wå \r] must be stored as a special pronunciation of water H th i B th i ti f t Hypothesis B: the pronunciation of t as [ ] is derived by a rule

19 Is the pronunciation predictable? [t h ] [ ] [ ] time top water little button kitten table butter carton notable

20 Patterns [t h ] occurs at the beginning of stressed syllables. [ ] ] occurs between two vowels [ ] occurs in the middle of words before a syllabic nasal.

21 Articulatory Processes Sounds are pronounced differently in different environments These are RULES in mental grammar

22 Different pronunciations of /t/ in English [t h ] [] [t] /t/ [ ] [ ]

23 Rules the sound /t/ changes to [ ] before a syllabic nasal /t/ _ [ ] / _ \n

24 Rules the sound /t/ changes to [ ] between two vowels /t/ _ [ ] / V _ V

25 Rules the sound /t/ changes to [ ] between two vowels NOTE: these are NOT rules about spelling

26 In what sense are these all the same sound?? [t h ] [] [t] /t/ [ ] [ ]

27 The way words are stored in the Mental Lexicon time tree pot stop water button /tåim/ /tri/ /påt/ /ståp/ /wåt\r/ /b t\n/

28 Lexicon Rules Output /wåt\r/ /t/ -> [ ] / V_ V [wå \r]

29 Lexicon Rules Output /wåt\r/ /t/ -> [ ] / V_ V [wå \r] Phoneme Allophone

30 Phoneme the abstract representation of a sound. the way the sound is stored in word in the mental lexicon

31 Allophone how the sound is actually produced in a given environment an instance of a phoneme

32 Articulatory Processes Sounds are pronounced differently in different environments These are RULES in mental grammar

33 environment = the phonological context of a sound position in the word neighboring sounds

34 Articulatory Processes are RULES Not just automatic ti reflexes of the vocal tract How do we know?

35 Articulatory Processes are RULES Not just automatic ti reflexes of the vocal tract How do we know? Evidence: Different processes in different languages e.g., cotton is not pronounced with [ ] in some dialects

36 Summarizing so far There are RULES in mental grammar that determine the pronunciations of sounds

37 Building a Grammar What is stored: What we hear: Lexicon Output /tåim/ / /tri/ /påt// /ståp/ /wåt\r/ /b t\n/ RULES [t h åim] [tßri] [p h åt ] [ståp] [wå \r] [b\ \n]

38 Different pronunciations of /t/ in English [t h ] [] [t] /t/ Phoneme [ ] Allophones [ ]

39 Inventory of Phonemes Are [p] and [b] different phonemes in English? Two steps in finding out the phonemic Two steps in finding out the phonemic status of sounds

40 Inventory of Phonemes First step: look for minimal pairs if difference between sounds causes a difference in meaning => contrastive => different phonemes

41 Inventory of Phonemes Are [p] and [b] different phonemes in English? pin vs. bin tap vs. tab [pin] vs. [bin] [tæp] vs. [tæb] Conclusion: contrastive distribution /p/ and /b/ are separate phonemes

42 In contrast [wå \r] [wåt\r]... no difference in meaning [t h ] and [t] are allophones of /t/

43 Why? Lexicon collection of Sound+Meaning pairs Sound information in lexical items is encoded in terms of phonemes That s why only phonemes affect meanings

44 Quick summary: Minimal pairs [mæp] vs. [næp] If a sound is used contrastively to create different meanings, then that sound is a phoneme of that language. [p h åt] vs. [påt] [p h ] and [p] are in complementary distribution (cf. free variation leap)

45 Inventory of Phonemes Second step: If no minimal pairs, look for a pattern (distribution of the two sounds) What environments does sound X occur in? What environments does sound Y occur in?

46 Exercise: making generalizations about the environments can /k(æ)n/ I can ask I can see Ican bake I can play I can go Ican gather [åi kn æsk] [åi kn si] [åi km beik] [åi km plei] [åi k go ] [åi k gæ \ ]

47 Generalizations [m] occurs before a bilabial consonant [ ] occurs before a velar consonant [n] occurs everywhere else (elsewhere) Complementary distribution

48 Generalizations => Rules /n/ becomes [m] before a bilabial consonant /n// becomes [ ] before a velar consonant elsewhere /n/ is pronounced [n]

49 But don t [m] and [n] belong to separate phonemes in English? How can you show that [m] and [n] are How can you show that [m] and [n] are separate phonemes?

50 [m] and [n] /n/ / /m/ [n] [m] [ ] [m]

51 Quick summary: Allophones /p// [p h ] [p] a) Superman and Clark Kent How do we know that they are actually the same person? They can NEVER occur in the same environment at the same time. b) Ice, water, steam: Are all H 2 O but have a different manifestation depending on the environment they occur in: < 0 C occurs as ice > 0 C and < 100 C occurs as water > 100 C occurs as steam

52 Now apply the same process to determine the grammars of other languages

53 Example If we find a Minimal Pair, then the phones that differentiate them are phonemes in the language under investigation. a) iglumut (to a house) h) pinna (that one up there) b) ukiaq (late fall) i) ani (female s brother) c) aiviq (walrus) j) iglu (snow house) d) aniguvit (if you leave) k) panna (that place up there) e) aglu (seal s breathing hole) l) aivuq (she goes home) f) iglumit (from a house) m) ini (place, spot) g) anigavit (because you leave) n) ukiuq (winter)

54 Inuktitut Minimal Pairs: iglumut - iglumit it ukiaq - ukiuq aiviq - aivuq aniguvit - anigavit aglu - iglu pinna - panna ani - ini So what can we conclude about phonemes in Inuktitut? t?

55 Inuktitut Minimal Pairs: iglumut - iglumit it ukiaq - ukiuq aiviq - aivuq aniguvit - anigavit aglu - iglu pinna - panna ani - ini So what can we conclude about phonemes in Inuktitut? t? [u] [i] [a] [u] form contrastive pairs [a] [i]

56 Inuktitut Minimal Pairs: iglumut - iglumit it ukiaq - ukiuq aiviq - aivuq aniguvit - anigavit aglu - iglu pinna - panna ani - ini So what can we conclude about phonemes in Inuktitut? t? [u] [i] [a] [u] form contrastive pairs [a] [i] these are phonemes in Inuktitut

57 Exercise on stating generalization

58 Natural class

59 Exercise: making generalizations about the environments can /k(æ)n/ I can ask I can see Ican bake I can play I can go Ican gather [åi kn æsk] [åi kn si] [åi km beik] [åi km plei] [åi k go ] [åi k gæ \ ]

60 Generalizations => Rules /n/ becomes [m] before a bilabial consonant /n// becomes [ ] before a velar consonant elsewhere /n/ is pronounced [n]

61 Generalizations => Rules /n/ becomes [m] before a bilabial consonant /n// [m] / (bi)labial l consonant /n/ becomes [ ] before a velar consonant /n/ [ ] / velar consonant elsewhere /n/ is pronounced [n] /n/ [n] / elsewhere

62 More data hat trick hit batsman night class [hæt t Ik] [hip bætsmən] [nåik klæs] bad dream head band bad guy [bæd d im] [h b bænd] [bæg gåi]

63 Generalizations on /n/ => Rules /n/ [m] / (bi)labial consonant /n// [ ]/ velar consonant /n/ [n] / elsewhere These rules apply to /t/ and /d/! Can you write the rules?

64 rules /n/ [m] / (bi)labial consonant /n/ [ ] / velar consonant /n/ [n] / elsewhere /t/ [p] / (bi)labial consonant /t/ [k] / velar consonant /t/ [t] / elsewhere /d/ [b] / (bi)labial consonant /d/ [g] / velar consonant /d/ [d] / elsewhere

65 Back to features /n/ = voiced, alveolar nasal (stop) /t/ = voiceless, alveolar stop /d/ = voiced, alveolar stop

66 Back to features /n/ = voiced, alveolar nasal (stop) /t/ = voiceless, alveolar stop /d/ = voiced, alveolar stop Are there any other alveolar stops in English?

67

68 /n/, /t/ and /d/ form a Natural Class of alveolar stop.

69 Exercise Which phones belong to the following natural classes? High vowels back vowels voiceless fricatives voiced bilabial Labial consonants

70 New classes obstruents produced with an obstruction of the airflow stop, fricative, affricates sonorants produced with a relatively open passage nasals, liquids, glides, and vowels labial obstruents [p, f, b, v] labial sonorants [m, w]

71 So, what kind of rules are there?

72 Assimilation /n/ [m] / (bi)labial consonant /n/ [ ] / velar consonant /n/ [n] / elsewhere What feature assimilates?

73 Dissimilation Greek /epta/ [efta] /ktizma/ [xtizma] What dissimilates here?

74 Insertion Schwa insertion in English Plural forms of fox, ditch, bush, orange, maze

75 Insertion Vowel insertion in loan words in Japanese e.g. McDonald s (cf. phonotactic constraints)

76 Deletion /h/ - deletion He handed her his hat.

77 Exercises

78 For tomorrow LF Phonology 3.5 Read Werker (I ll you the paper)