Protein Synthesis. The production (synthesis) of proteins. 3 phases: 1. Transcription 2. RNA processing 3. Translation Remember: DNA RNA Protein
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1 PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
2 Protein Synthesis The production (synthesis) of proteins. 3 phases: 1. Transcription 2. RNA processing 3. Translation Remember: DNA RNA Protein
3 DNA RNA Protein DNA Nuclear membrane Eukaryotic Cell Transcription RNA Processing Pre-mRNA mrna Translation Ribosome Protein
4 DNA RNA Protein DNA Transcription Translation mrna Ribosome Protein Prokaryotic Cell
5 Question: How does RNA (ribonucleic acid) differ from DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)?
6 RNA differs from DNA 1. RNA has a sugar ribose DNA has a sugar deoxyribose 2. RNA contains uracil (U) DNA has thymine (T) 3. RNA molecule is single-stranded stranded DNA is double-stranded
7 1. Transcription DNA Nuclear membrane Eukaryotic Cell Transcription RNA Processing Pre-mRNA mrna Translation Ribosome Protein
8 1. Transcription The transfer of information in the nucleus from a DNA molecule to an RNA molecule. Only 1 DNA strand serves as the template Starts at promoter DNA (TATA box) Ends at terminator DNA (stop) When complete, pre-rna molecule is released.
9 Question: What is the enzyme responsible for the production of the RNA molecule?
10 Answer: RNA Polymerase Separates the DNA molecule by breaking the H- bonds between the bases. Then moves along one of the DNA strands and links RNA nucleotides together.
11 1. Transcription DNA RNA Polymerase pre-mrna
12 Question: What would be the complementary RNA strand for the following DNA sequence? DNA 5 -GCGTATG5 GCGTATG-3
13 Answer: DNA 5 -GCGTATG5 GCGTATG-3 RNA 3 -CGCAUAC3 CGCAUAC-5
14 2. RNA Processing DNA Nuclear membrane Eukaryotic Cell Transcription RNA Processing Pre-mRNA mrna Translation Ribosome Protein
15 2. RNA Processing Maturation of pre-rna molecules. Also occurs in the nucleus. Introns spliced out by splicesome-enzyme enzyme and exons come together. End product is a mature RNA molecule that leaves the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
16 2. RNA Processing pre-rna molecule exon intron exon intron exon intron intron exon exon exon splicesome splicesome exon exon exon Mature RNA molecule
17 Types of RNA Three types of RNA: A. messenger RNA (mrna) B. transfer RNA (trna) C. ribosome RNA (rrna) Remember: all produced in the nucleus!
18 A. Messenger RNA (mrna) Carries the information for a specific protein. Made up of 500 to 1000 nucleotides long. Made up of codons (sequence of three bases: AUG - methionine). Each codon, is specific for an amino acid.
19 A. Messenger RNA (mrna) mrna start codon A U G G G C U C C A U C G G C G C A U A A codon 1 codon 2 codon 3 codon 4 codon 5 codon 6 codon 7 protein methionine glycine serine isoleucine glycine alanine stop codon Primary structure of a protein aa1 aa2 aa3 aa4 aa5 aa6 peptide bonds
20 B. Transfer RNA (trna) Made up of 75 to 80 nucleotides long. Picks up the appropriate amino acid floating in the cytoplasm (amino amino acid activating enzyme) Transports amino acids to the mrna. Have anticodons that are complementary to mrna codons. Recognizes the appropriate codons on the mrna and bonds to them with H-bonds.
21 B. Transfer RNA (trna) amino acid attachment site methionine amino acid UA C anticodon
22 C. Ribosomal RNA (rrna) Made up of rrna is 100 to 3000 nucleotides long. Important structural component of a ribosome. Associates with proteins to form ribosomes.
23 Ribosomes Large and small subunits. Composed of rrna (40%) and proteins (60%). Both units come together and help bind the mrna and trna. Two sites for trna a. P site (first and last trna will attach) b. A site
24 Ribosomes Large subunit P Site A Site mrna A U G C U A C U U C G Small subunit
25 3. Translation DNA Nuclear membrane Eukaryotic Cell Transcription RNA Processing Pre-mRNA mrna Translation Ribosome Protein
26 3. Translation Synthesis of proteins in the cytoplasm Involves the following: 1. mrna (codons) 2. trna (anticodons) 3. rrna 4. ribosomes 5. amino acids
27 3. Translation Three parts: 1. initiation: start codon (AUG) 2. elongation: 3. termination: stop codon (UAG) Let s make a PROTEIN!!!!.
28 3. Translation Large subunit P Site A Site mrna A U G C U A C U U C G Small subunit
29 Initiation aa1 aa2 anticodon hydrogen bonds 1-tRNA 2-tRNA U A C G A U A U G C U A C U U C G A codon mrna
30 Elongation aa1 peptide bond aa2 aa3 3-tRNA anticodon hydrogen bonds 1-tRNA 2-tRNA G A U A C G A U A U G C U A C U U C G codon mrna A A
31 aa1 aa2 peptide bond aa3 1-tRNA U A C (leaves) 2-tRNA 3-tRNA G A G A U A U G C U A C U U C G Ribosomes move over one codon mrna A A
32 aa1 peptide bonds aa4 aa2 aa3 2-tRNA 3-tRNA G A U G A A A U G C U A C U U C G A 4-tRNA G C mrna U A C U
33 aa1 peptide bonds aa2 aa3 aa4 G 2-tRNA A U (leaves) 3-tRNA G A A A U G C U A C U U C G Ribosomes move over one codon A 4-tRNA G C mrna U A C U
34 aa1 aa2 peptide bonds aa3 aa4 aa5 5-tRNA U G A 3-tRNA 4-tRNA G A A G C U G C U A C U U C G A A C U mrna
35 aa1 aa2 peptide bonds aa3 aa4 aa5 5-tRNA 3-tRNA G A A 4-tRNA G C U G C U A C U U C G A A C U Ribosomes move over one codon U G A mrna
36 aa4 aa5 aa199 Termination aa3 aa2 primary structure of a protein aa200 aa1 A C U C A U G U mrna 200-tRNA U terminator or stop codon U A G
37 End Product aa2 The end products of protein synthesis is a primary structure of a protein. A sequence of amino acid bonded together by peptide bonds. aa3 aa4 aa5 aa199 aa1 aa200
38 Polyribosome Groups of ribosomes reading same mrna simultaneously producing many proteins (polypeptides). incoming large subunit mrna incoming small subunit polypeptide
39 Question: The anticodon UAC belongs to a trna that recognizes and binds to a particular amino acid. What would be the DNA base code for this amino acid?
40 Answer: trna mrna DNA - UAC (anticodon) - AUG (codon) - TAC
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