Frequency Division Multiplexing. Frequency Division Multiplexing. Multiplexing. Diagram. FDM System
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1 Multiplexing A set of techniques that allows the simultaneous transmission of multiple signals across a single data link Path: Link Channel: A portion of a path that carries a transmission between a given pair of devices Frequency Division Multiplexing FDM Useful bandwidth of medium exceeds required bandwidth of channel Each signal is modulated to a different carrier frequency Carrier frequencies separated so signals do not overlap (guard bands) e.g. broadcast radio Channel allocated even if no data Frequency Division Multiplexing Diagram FDM System
2 FDM of Three Voiceband Signals Analog Carrier Systems AT&T (USA) Hierarchy of FDM schemes Group 12 voice channels (4kHz each) = 48kHz Range 60kHz to 108kHz Supergroup 60 channel FDM of 5 group signals on carriers between 420kHz and 612 khz Mastergroup 10 supergroups Wavelength Division Multiplexing Multiple beams of light at different frequency Carried by optical fiber A form of FDM Each color of light (wavelength) carries separate data channel 1997 Bell Labs 100 beams Each at 10 Gbps Giving 1 terabit per second (Tbps) Commercial systems of 160 channels of 10 Gbps now available Lab systems (Alcatel) 256 channels at 39.8 Gbps each 10.1 Tbps Over 100km WDM Operation Same general architecture as other FDM Number of sources generating laser beams at different frequencies Multiplexer consolidates sources for transmission over single fiber Optical amplifiers amplify all wavelengths Typically tens of km apart Demux separates channels at the destination Mostly 1550nm wavelength range Was 200MHz per channel Now 50GHz
3 Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing DWDM No official or standard definition Implies more channels more closely spaced that WDM 200GHz or less Time Division Multiplexing TDM Data rate capacity of the transmission medium is greater than the data rate required by the sending and receiving devices Time Division Multiplexing TDM System
4 TDM Link Control No headers and trailers Data link control protocols not needed Flow control Data rate of multiplexed line is fixed If one channel receiver can not receive data, the others must carry on The corresponding source must be quenched This leaves empty slots Error control Errors are detected and handled by individual channel systems Data Link Control on TDM Synchronous Time Division Multiplexing Interleaving Multiplexer will allocate exactly the same time slot to each device at all times Multiple digital signals interleaved in time May be at bit level of blocks Time slots allocated even if no data Time slots do not have to be evenly distributed among sources A process of taking a specific amount of data from each device in a regular order
5 Framing Bits No flag or SYNC characters bracketing TDM frames Must provide synchronizing mechanism Added digit framing One control bit added to each TDM frame Looks like another channel - control channel Identifiable bit pattern used on control channel e.g. alternating unlikely on a data channel Can compare incoming bit patterns on each channel with sync pattern Pulse Stuffing Problem - Synchronizing data sources Clocks in different sources drifting Data rates from different sources not related by simple rational number Solution - Pulse Stuffing Outgoing data rate (excluding framing bits) higher than sum of incoming rates Stuff extra dummy bits or pulses into each incoming signal until it matches local clock Stuffed pulses inserted at fixed locations in frame and removed at demultiplexer Synchronous TDM Example Asynchronous TDM (Statistical TDM) The total speed of the input lines can be greater than the capacity of the path. Each slot is available to any of the attached input lines that has data to send.
6 TDM of Analog and Digital Sources Addressing, Overhead and Variable Length Time Slots In the absence of fixed positional relationships, each time slot must carry an address telling the demultiplexer how to direct the data Addresses consist of only a small number or bits but increases the overhead of the system Therefore, asynchronous TDM is efficient only when the size of the time slots is kept relatively large Variable-length time slots can be given to stations with a faster data rate but requires control bits to be appended to the beginning of each time slot to indicate the length of the incoming data Analog Services May be switched services or leased services Analog Switched Service Uses two-wire twisted pair cable to connect the subscriber s handset to the network via an exchange (local loop) Dial Up Analog Leased Service Permanent connection, although the connection still passes through switches on the telephone network, subscribers experience it as a single line because the switch is always closed Analog Hierarchy
7 Digital Services May be switched/56, Digital Data Service and Digital Signal Service Switched/56 Service Digital version of an analog switched line that allows up to 56 kbps Digital service units (with dial pad) are needed instead of modems Digital Data Service (DDS) Digital version of an analog leased line with a maximum data rate of 64 kbps Also requires the use a DSU (without dial pad) Digital Signal (DS) Service Hierarchy of TDM USA/Canada/Japan use one system ITU-T use a similar (but different) system US system based on DS-1 format Multiplexes 24 channels Each frame has 8 bits per channel plus one framing bit 193 bits per frame Digital Signal Service For voice each channel contains one word of digitized data (PCM, 8000 samples per sec) Data rate 8000x193 = 1.544Mbps Five out of six frames have 8 bit PCM samples Sixth frame is 7 bit PCM word plus signaling bit Signaling bits form stream for each channel containing control and routing info Same format for digital data 23 channels of data 7 bits per frame plus indicator bit for data or systems control 24th channel is sync Mixed Data DS-1 can carry mixed voice and data signals 24 channels used No sync byte Can also interleave DS-1 channels DS-2 is four DS-1 giving 6.312Mbps
8 DS-1 1 Transmission Format Digital Data Service Digital Subscriber Line A technology that uses the existing telecommunication networks such as the local loop telephone line to accomplish highspeed delivery of data, voice, video and multimedia ADSL, RADSL, HDSL, VDSL, SDSL Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line Asymmetrical, where higher bit rates in the downstream direction than upstream direction Link between subscriber and network Local loop Uses currently installed twisted pair cable Can carry broader spectrum 1 MHz or more Modulation schemes Carrierless Amplitude/Phase: similar to QAM Discrete Multitone Technique: combination of QAM and FDM where the available bandwidth for each direction is divided into 4kHz channels Range 5.5km
9 ADSL Channel Configuration Other DSL Technologies Rate Adaptive Asymmetrical DSL (RADSL) Allows different data rates depending on the type of communication Data rates are based on the demand of bandwidth High Bit Rate DSL (HDSL) Designed be Bellcore as an alternative to the T1 line uses 2B1Q encoding which is less susceptible to attenuation (upto 3.6 km between repeaters) Uses 2 twisted-pair cables to achieve full-duplex Symmetric DSL (Single Line DSL) Same as HDSL but uses one twisted-pair cable Very High Bit Rate DSL (VDSL) Alternative approach that is similar to ADSL Uses coaxial, fiber optic or twisted pair cables for short distances (300 to 1800m) Uses DMS with a bit rate of 50 to 55 Mbps (downstream) and 1.5 to 2.5 Mbps upstream Cable Modem Outline and Operation Two channels from cable TV provider dedicated to data transfer One in each direction Each channel shared by number of subscribers Scheme needed to allocate capacity Statistical TDM Downstream Cable scheduler delivers data in small packets If more than one subscriber active, each gets fraction of downstream capacity May get 500kbps to 1.5Mbps Also used to allocate upstream time slots to subscribers Upstream User requests timeslots on shared upstream channel Dedicated slots for this Headend scheduler sends back assignment of future tme slots to subscriber Cable Modem Scheme
(Refer Slide Time: 2:10)
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TELECOMMUNICATIONS STANDARDS ADVISORY COMMITTEE WORKING GROUP ON COMMON CONNECTION STANDARDS (CCS) Overview of Very High Speed Digital Subscriber Line 2 (VDSL2) 甚 高 速 數 碼 用 戶 線 路 2 的 概 覽 Introduction ADSL
Wireless Links - Wireless communication relies on radio signals or infrared signals for transmitting data.
Uses of a network A network is a way to connect computers so that they can communicate, exchange information and share resources in real time. Networks enable multiple users to access shared data and programs