CAL STAIRWAYS AND LADDERS
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1 CAL STAIRWAYS AND LADDERS The following guide is an aid intended for students who have completed the ClickSafety training course or module associated with Stairways and Ladders. This guide is a resource of basic occupational safety and health information and is not a substitute for standards issued by the U S Department of Labor s Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) or its state equivalents. This course is also not a substitute for the kind of intensive, site-specific, hands-on training and information which is necessary to ensure a safe and healthful workplace. This guide is not to be reproduced or used without the express permission of ClickSafety. INTRODUCTION References: Cal OSHA regulations Title 8, California Code of Regulations as well as appropriate requirements for training purposes found in the Federal OSHA Construction and General Industry standards. Overview Falls from ladders are a leading cause of work place fatalities and injuries. From 1984 to 1997, these falls accounted for approximately: 3,000 fatalities, 65,000 disabling injuries OSHA Citations -Stairways & Ladders One recent year, OSHA cited these violations: 598 citations for no handrail 488 citations: Ladder does not extend 3 feet beyond landing 253 citations: No stairway or ladder provided 137 citations: Damaged ladder Definitions Cleats: crosspieces between vertical side rails. Single-cleat: standard ladder configuration of cleats and side rails. Double-cleated ladder: Two vertical side rails, one center rail, allows two-way traffic up and down. Extended trestle: (extension ladder) A self-supporting portable ladder with adjustable section to increase length and height. Job-made: fabricated on site to ANSI A Portable Ladders: readily moveable Maximum intended load: ladder s ability to support combined weight of people, equipment, and materials. Fixed-Ladder: part of permanent structure. Stair rail system: a vertical barrier for fall protection typically 36 inches above the tread. Tread is top horizontal surface of a step. Tread depth: measurement of tread front-to-back. Unprotected sides and edges: Areas with no stair rail system or wall 36 + in height. Any side of edge with no wall or guardrail system 39 + in height except entrances at point of access. Metal pan stairs and landings are stair forms before they are filled with concrete. May create a tripping hazard. CONTROL OF HAZARDOUS ENERGIES CLICKSAFETY.COM, INC. PAGE 1 OF 6
2 TEMPORARY STAIRS: Tripping Hazards: To prevent tripping hazards: Pan stairs are required to be filled. Treads must be of a non-slip material or coating. Stairs must be swept frequently and kept clear of tripping hazards. Basic Requirements: For elevation break of 19 in. or more: Stairs, ladder, or ramp required. Handrail required at 4 or more risers. Landing 30 in. by 22 in. is required at every 12 ft. of vertical rise. Should be installed between 30 degrees and 50 degrees. Riser height and tread depth shall be uniform. Variations not to exceed one-fourth inch. Good housekeeping Slippery conditions corrected immediately Electrical cords not strung across stairs Materials and tools should not be left or stored on stairs or landings Stairway must be free of projectiles, sharp edges, or nails Adequate lighting is critical: 5 foot-candles of illumination (minimum) must be available at all times. Door opening directly onto a stairway requires a platform at the same level. Minimum clearance: 20 inches. Spiral stairways: Should be part of permanent structure Shall be equipped with handrail offset to prevent walking where tread is less than 6 See OSHA Standards (a) 1 and c2 Stairway Handrails: Stairways at 4 or more risers or 30 inches, whichever is less shall be equipped with at least one handrail and one stair rail system on all unprotected sides Handrail height = inches (from the tread to top of handrail). Midrails to be installed: At midway point between tread and handrail Mesh may also be required Must be constructed to withstand 200 lbs. of force Toeboards around floor openings and stairwells CONTROL OF HAZARDOUS ENERGIES CLICKSAFETY.COM, INC. PAGE 2 OF 6
3 TYPES OF LADDERS Four Types: Straight ladder Extension Ladder Step ladder Fixed ladder 24 or higher must have cage, self-retracting lifeline, rest platform. Ladder Materials Common ladder materials: Wood Aluminum Fiberglass Each has its limitations, advantages, and disadvantages DUTY RATING: When selecting a ladder, consider: Rated load capacity Found on manufacturer s label Total Weight (weight of worker + PPE + tools + equipment) Type IA = Heavy duty, industrial rating, 300 lb. weight limitation Type I = Heavy duty, 250 lb. weight limit Type II = Medium duty, 225 lb. weight limit Type III = Light duty 200 lb. weight limit (Household ladder) USING LADDERS SAFELY Understand and follow proper ladder safety practices Can you eliminate exposure to potential injury? If possible, don t use a ladder and eliminate the risks -- falls, contact with over - head utilities, back and muscle strain When you have to use a ladder Protect yourself from injury: Wear good work boots or shoes with a heel and non-slip soles Ensure boots are clean before starting to climb the ladder Gloves are recommended Be aware of jewelry that might catch on the ladder Top Ten Rules 1. Inspect the ladder for damage or defects. Do not use a damaged ladder. Remove it from work area. Is it free of oil, grease, other slipping hazards? All warning stickers should be clearly affixed. 2. Inspect the location. Is it stable? Free of debris, liquids? Any overhead utilities, other obstructions? Equipment, traffic or tripping hazards? 3. Select the right ladder for the job: long/tall enough, non-conductive? 4. Position the ladder correctly, using the four-to-one rule. 5. Face the ladder and use both hands when ascending and descending. 6. Secure the ladder to a rigid support. 7. Do not carry materials or tools while ascending and descending the ladders. 8. Do not extend beyond the rails. 9. Never use a stepladder as a straight ladder and never stand on the top 2 steps of a stepladder. 10. When setting up a step ladder: ALL four legs must be level and on a firm surface. CONTROL OF HAZARDOUS ENERGIES CLICKSAFETY.COM, INC. PAGE 3 OF 6
4 Ladder Inspection Ladders must be inspected: On a periodic basis, after any occurrence, by a competent person, prior to use. Wood ladders: Look for rot, cracked, split, loose Should never be painted Metal ladders: Inspect for corrosion. Bent rungs OK, but may not broken. Not to be used around electrical work. Fiberglass ladders: Inspect for Damage by heat or corrosives. Always check rung locks on extension ladder and check label. Tag damaged ladders do not use and remove from work area. Straight and Stepladders Straight Ladders: Support 4 times the maximum intended load (see manufacturer s label). Do not exceed the maximum load! Spacing for rungs, cleats and steps must be uniform Rungs, cleats and steps are to be skid-resistant. Using Straight Ladders Single section max. length = 30 Double section ladders max. length = 48 Triple section ladder max. length = 60 Overlap of sections = 3-5 Top section of an extension should not be used by itself. Common Types of Stepladders: Three Types of Stepladders, rated by height: Type I are Industrial, 3-20 ft. long, heavy duty, construction, industrial trades. Type II are Commercial, 3-12 ft. long, medium duty, office, light duty trades. Type III are Household, 3-6 ft. light duty. Not approved for use on construction projects. Using Stepladders See ANSI A14.1, 14.3, or 14.5 Rungs, cleats, or steps are to be skid resistant. Spacing for rungs, cleats or steps = 8 in. -12 in., uniformly. Spreader/locking device is required. Top two steps are not to be used In California, top 3 steps cannot be used unless handhold available or fall protection available. Stepladders used only in fully open position: Placed on level ground Do not use as a straight ladder Must have permanently affixed label Periodic inspection by a competent person, before use by the worker CONTROL OF HAZARDOUS ENERGIES CLICKSAFETY.COM, INC. PAGE 4 OF 6
5 COURSE SUMMARY m FIXED LADDERS Definition Permanent part of structure in most cases Provide access to roofs, tanks, or to large equipment. Requirements: Standards for Fixed Ladders: Found in ANSI A14.3 and in OSHA regs. Distance between rungs cannot exceed 12 inches, and must be uniform. Metal ladders must be painted to resist corrosion. Clearances for Fixed Ladders Climbing side of ladder at least 30 inches from any other object. Minimum clearance of 7 inches from back side of ladder to any other object. Fixed ladders must have: For a vertical climb < 24 but where top of ladder is > 24 above lower levels, fixed ladders shall have: Cages, wells, ladders safety devices, or self retracting life lines. Landing platform every 20 feet if no cage, well, or ladder safety device. When Length of Climb exceeds 24 feet: Ladders must have a cage or well, and multiple ladder sections, each section not to exceed 50 feet. Ladder sections shall be offset from adjacent sections, and landing platforms shall be provided at maximum intervals of 50 feet. Fixed ladders without cages or wells shall have a clear width to the nearest permanent object of at least 15 inches on each side of the centerline of the ladder. Towers, Water Tanks, & Chimneys Ladder safety devices can be used on tower, water, tank, and chimney ladders over 20 feet. No landing platform is required. ClickSafety.com, Inc. phone: Camille Ave. fax: Alamo, CA ClickSafety.com, Inc. All rights reserved. ClickSafety and the corporate logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of ClickSafety.com, Inc. in the United States. All other company and product names are used for identification purposes only and may be trademarks of their respective owners. ClickSafety.com, Inc. cannot guarantee completion of any future products or product features mentioned in this document, and no reliance should be placed on their availability. Printed in the U.S.A. CONTROL OF HAZARDOUS ENERGIES CLICKSAFETY.COM, INC. PAGE 5 OF 6
6 COURSE NOTES: CONTROL OF HAZARDOUS ENERGIES CLICKSAFETY.COM, INC. PAGE 6 OF 6
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