Regeneration Systems in Appalachian Hardwood Forests
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1 Regeneration Systems in Appalachian Hardwood Forests Thomas R. Fox Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg, VA Regeneration is concerned with establishing a new stand of trees with the desired characteristics: Structure Species composition Stand density Health Survival and early growth Stands May Be Harvested and Regenerated for a Variety of Reasons Mature Stands 1)Financial returns from timber 2)The current stand is mature or overmature and trees are dying naturally 3)Improve forest health 4)Provide wildlife habitat diversity 5)Change species composition 6)Restoration of poor quality stands Overmature Stands White Oak, Yellow Poplar 1
2 Habitat for Species Requiring Open Conditions Severe Storm Damage Gypsy Moth Degraded Stands of Northern Hardwood 2007 Degraded Stand of Appalachian Hardwoods New Trees Originate In a Number of Ways New Seedlings Advanced Regeneration (seedlings already there) Stump sprouts or Root Suckers 2
3 Sources of Regeneration New Seedlings After Harvest Sources of Regeneration Advanced Regeneration Stump Sprout Sources of Regeneration Stump Sprouts Potential Growth of Various Forms of Regeneration Most Hardwood Stands Originate From A Combination of Sources Stringer 2004 Yellow Poplar in North Carolina 3
4 Regeneration Systems Developed and implemented to manipulate the amount of light reaching the forest floor and thus influence the species most likely to become established, survive and grow based on: 1) Forest structure desired (even aged, two-aged, uneven-aged) 2) Shade tolerance Type of Stand Structure Desired: Even-Aged Stands The new stand is a single age class Two Aged Stands Two age classes are maintained in the stand so that the site always has trees on it Uneven-Aged Stands The new stand is comprised of three or more age classes Stand Structure Even Aged Regeneration Systems Clearcut Even Aged Stand One Age Class Clearcut Seed Tree Shelterwood Two Aged Regeneration Systems Leave Tree or Deferment Cut Shelterwood with Reserves Uneven Aged Regeneration Systems Age 3 Group Selection Single Tree Selection Age 40 Two Age Classes in Stand (Two-Aged) Multiple Age Classes in Stand (Uneven Aged) Leave-Tree or Deferment Single-Tree Selection 4
5 Shade Tolerance of Trees Intolerant (Need Full Sunlight) yellow-poplar, cherry, Virginia pine, shortleaf pine Intermediate (Tolerate Partial Shade) oak, hickory, ash, white pine Tolerant (Grow in Full Shade) maple, basswood, hemlock Initial Light Regimes Produced by Various Silvicultural Regeneration Systems Uneven-Aged Systems Uncut Single Tree Group Selection Two-Aged Systems Uncut Shelterwood with Reserves Leave Tree---- Even-Aged Systems Uncut Shelterwood Seed Tree-- Clearcut Percent of Maximum Diffuse Solar Radiation Direct Solar Radiation Percent of Canopy Removed Different Light Levels Following Alternative Harvesting Systems Initial Light Regimes Produced by Various Silvicultural Regeneration Systems Uneven-Aged Systems Uncut Single Tree Group Selection Uncut Shelterwood with Reserves Leave Tree---- Two-Aged Systems Even-Aged Systems Uncut Shelterwood Seed Tree-- Clearcut Percent of Maximum 100 Shade Intolerant Shade Intermediate Shade Tolerant Percent of Canopy Removed Clearcutting in Appalachain Hardwoods Clearcutting Full Sunlight Favors Shade Intolerant Species Fernow Experiment Forest, WV 5
6 Group-Selection Regeneration Method (unevenaged) Group Selection in Virginia Leave-Tree Regeneration Method (two-aged) Residual stand is 80-years-old, SI 50 80, a BA of 20 sq. ft. and 13 trees per acre. Fernow Experimental Forest, West Virginia Leave-Tree (two-aged) Residual stand 20 sq. ft. and 13 trees per acre, 4 years after regeneration harvest. Fernow Experimental Forest, West Virginia Shelterwood Partial Sunlight Favors Shade Intermediate Shelterwood 6
7 Single-Tree Selection Full Shade Favors Shade Tolerant Species All Silvicultural Systems are Applicable in Appalachian Hardwoods Regeneration Methods Clearcutting (even-aged) Shelterwood (even-aged) Leave-Tree (two-aged) Group Selection (uneven-aged) Single-Tree Selection (uneven-aged) Chestnut Oak Scarlet Oak Type Group White Oak Black Oak Type Group Northern Red Oak Sugar Maple Type Group Yellow-Poplar Mixed Hardwoods Type Group 7
8 Clearcutting will favor shade intolerant species The Results of Group Selection Depend on the Size of the Opening Partial Harvesting Systems Will Favor Intermediate to Tolerant Species Concerns with Partial Harvesting Systems Shift to Shade Tolerant Species Multiple Entries Into Stand More Skid Trails and Potential For Erosion Damage to Residuals BMPs for Skid Trails to Reduce Erosion Alternative Skidding Methods 8
9 Regenerating Oaks in Eastern Hardwood Stands Can be a problem to regenerate oaks on high quality sites Special care must be taken in mixed species stands to successfully regenerate intermediate shad tolerant species. Must insure that adequate advanced regeneration or sprouting ability is present so that the intermediate species will keep up with the intolerants following harvest Eastern Oaks on Good Sites are a good example On Medium to Low Quality Sites Regeneration of White Oak, Black Oak, Chestnut Oak and Scarlet Oak Is not a problem Five Years after Clearcut 9
10 Age 80 Regenerating Oaks on Good Sites Is a Problem Regeneration Present after Harvest Small Oak Seedling Yellow Poplar Seedling If LARGE Oak advanced Regeneration is not present in sufficient quantities, Yellow poplar will typically replace oak on High-quality sites. Yellow Poplar Stand Has Replace an Oak Stand 10
11 If we want to maintain this type of Northern Red Oak in future stands We need to make sure that competitive regeneration sources are present at the time we begin to remove the overstory We have to Establish this Type of Advanced Oak Regeneration BEFORE harvest So that when the Overstory is removed, It will be able of growing Fast enough to keep up With the intolerant species Such as yellow poplar Northern Red Oak as a Component of the Stand Enhancing Regeneration Potential Reduce competition from other species Make the oaks more competitive more and larger oaks 11
12 Midstory Not Removed Advanced Regeneration Develops Midstory Removal 12
13 It may take 20 years to develop large advanced oak regeneration Overstory Removal Allows Advanced Regeneration To Grow Large Oak Advanced Regeneration is able to compete effectively and retain its place in the developing stand during the stem exclusion stage 13
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