ITC1 WS05/ 06. Prof. Dr. Klaus David Chair for Communication Technologies (ComTec)

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1 ITC1 WS05/ 06 Prof. Dr. Klaus David Chair for Communication Technologies () 1

2 Table of Contents OSI Reference model Layer 1: Passive and active components Layer 2: LAN topologies, Hardware addressing Layer 3: Internet, Address resolution protocol Layer 4: Transport protocols (TCP) Layer 5: Session management Layer 6: Presentation and conversion Layer 7: Programming interfaces OSI layer communication 2

3 Basics of Routing Static/ versus dynamic 3

4 Basics of Routing Static - unsuitable for large, dynamic networks + no signaling overhead + allows to hide parts of the network - security 4

5 Problems of dynamic routing Routing loops Count to infinity Convergence of information Link state update 5

6 6

7 Routing loops 7

8 Count to infinity Within loops, the hop-counter counts toward infinity, making default routes very expensive 8

9 Convergence of information How long will it take that A learns all routes from network 1 to network 11? 9

10 Link state update 10

11 Solutions Counter with maximum Split horizon Hold-down timer 11

12 Counter with maximum 12

13 Split horizon 13

14 Hold-down timer 14

15 Hold - down timer helps to avoid routing loops increases topology convergence time The holddown period is usually calculated to be just greater than the period of time necessary to update the entire network with a routing change 15

16 Basics of Routing Metrics? 16

17 Basics of Routing Metrics Hop-count Bandwidth Delay Current network load Reliability Ticks Cost 17

18 Basics of Routing Routed Protocols? 18

19 Basics of Routing Routed Protocols e.g. TCP/IP 19

20 Basics of Routing Routing Protocols? 20

21 Basics of Routing Routing Protocols IGRP Enhanced IGRP Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) OSI routing Advanced Peer-to-Peer Networking (APPN) Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System (IS-IS) RIP 21

22 Basics of Routing Routed Protocols computers (or end systems) use routed protocols, such as IP, to "talk to each other Routing Protocols routers (or intermediate systems) use routing protocols to "talk to each other" about networks and paths 22

23 Basics of Routing Interior Routing Protocols used for routing information within networks that are under a common network administration Exterior protocols are used to exchange routing information between networks that do not share a common administration 23

24 Basics of Routing Goals of routing protocols? 24

25 Basics of Routing Goals of routing protocols optimal route simplicity and efficiency Robustness Rapid Convergence Flexibility 25

26 Basics of Routing The distance-vector routing approach determines the direction (vector) and distance to any link in the network. Examples of distance-vector routing protocols are IGRP and RIP. The link-state (also called shortest path first) approach re-creates the exact topology of the entire network (or at least the partition in which the router is situated). Examples of link-state routing protocols are OSPF, IS-IS, and NetWare Link Services Protocol (NLSP). The hybrid approach combines aspects of the link-state and distance-vector approaches. An example of a hybrid routing approach is EIGRP. 26

27 Distant vector vs. link state Distant vector Link state Distant vector knows about all routes but no topology Link state has knowledge about topology, too 27

28 Distant vector routing table propagation 28

29 Link state routing table propagation 29

30 Distant vector vs. link state (2) Distant vector: Simple Knows only routing neighbors Regular updates: slow convergence Bulky updates Add distance vector from router to router Link state: Complex Knows topology of network Event-triggered updates: fast convergence Small updates Requires huge amount of compute power Hybrid routing: Add event-triggered updates and small updates to distant vector techniques 30

31 Shortest path vs. optimal path 31

32 Dijkstra s algorithm Example A 9 6 C 2 B D 1 E A A 9 6 C 2 B D 1 E C A B E 32

33 Additions 33

34 Literature [Kurose 2001] J. Kurose, Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach Featuring the Internet, Addison Wesley, 2001 [Tanenbaum 1996] Andrew S. Tanenbaum, Computer Networks, Prentice - Hall, 3rd edition,

35 Abbreviations Routing Information Protocol (RIP) Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (Enhanced IGRP) and Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) protocol 35

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