With the upcoming Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) set to replace the

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2 Objectives With the upcoming Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) set to replace the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in September 2015, the Post-2015 Development Agenda will shift its traditional focus from a top-down development approach to a more peoplecentered approach in which local communities and sponsors are at the heart of their own improvement efforts. Because my senior thesis seeks to understand the role of local organizations and social institutions in facilitating sustainable development in São Paulo s favelas, this project intends to complete the following: (1) Collect information from the Library at the United Nations Office at Geneva (UNOG Library) on top-down and bottom-up development efforts in Brazilian slums that address MDG Target Goal 7D, improve the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers. (2) Utilize the lessons learned at the Kellogg Institute for International Studies Conference on Human Dignity and Human Development in Rome to gain insight into how the role of human dignity will contribute to the Post-2015 Sustainable Development Agenda and Sustainable Development Goals. The conference is not only important for establishing the contextual framework by which my collected data is to be analyzed, but also provide a rich vision for what the future of sustainable development could and should look like for urban slum development to guide my future thesis research. Through my participation in conversations about how the promotion of human dignity should exist in the language of the SDGs, I will better understand how the slum development efforts of grassroots organizations, non-profits, NGOs and governments can or cannot be considered sustainable in the Post-2015 Development Agenda. I intend to utilize the data 1

3 gathered from sources in the UN library to understand how sustainability has been understood and promoted throughout São Paulo s favela communities during the period of the Millennium Development Goals and offer suggestions in my thesis to how they can continue to develop more sustainably throughout the SDG period. Results Of the documents gathered from the UN Library, I noticed that most slum education regarding environmental sustainability (MDG #7) centered on recycling since waste is a major problem slum communities deal with. Given the recent introduction of sustainability into mainstream discourse, the concept of sustainable development has become synonymous with environmental conservation, recycling and repurposing. To successfully implement sustainable development projects, there will first be a great need for (re)educating actors at the local, state and national levels to ensure that povertyeradication and slum development plans are economically, politically, socially and environmentally sustainable to get on track with the United Nations upcoming Sustainable Development Goals. Grassroots projects, thus, will become a crucial medium to syncing development actors at all levels to improve favela life and promote sustainable development on the ground. Many local organizations working in Brazil s favelas demonstrate the strength of subsidiarity for the promotion of sustainability, but highlight a critical need for more infrastructural support and guidance to multiply those achievements for other communities throughout the country. However while they may not explicitly identify their work as sustainable development, local organizations like the Associação dos Trabalhadores Sem Terra (ATST) and Caritas 2

4 are comprehensive in nature and utilize a variety of resources to address the immediate needs of its communities. This could rage from daycare services to educational lessons through partnering universities. Community members of the favelas typically associate this type of development work with charity work, rather than consider it sustainable development. Local organizations and social institutions identify four key decision makers in most development efforts. Those are households, developers, financial institutions and governments. Religious groups tend to have the strongest presence in a community, but the majority of a community s potential development is dependent on women empowerment (Dasgupta, 2006) (Hearst, 2013). By looking at how these types of organizations that better understand favela needs in greater depth, these findings provide an important insight to the ways in which municipal, state, federal and international actors can best collaborate to achieve more effective, sustainable development. I believe that the government s involvement with local organizations in the favelas, as demonstrated by the Serra do Mar and Cantinho do Ceu initiatives by the State Government of São Paulo, can further engage more personally to understand the favela communities specific needs and provide valuable resources to scale up successful achievements. It may also be an important and potentially beneficial opportunity for implementation of the upcoming Sustainable Development Goals over the next fifteen years. Not only would this create a collaborative effort for tackling issues in the favelas, it would empower Brazilians to participate in their own development. This sense of participation may affirm the government s respect for Brazilian citizens human dignity, 3

5 begin to address barriers of mistrust and cynicism, and hopefully improve the efficiency through which their national development agenda is enforced. Further Project Development As my research currently suggests, the grassroots approach to sustainable slum development is advantageous because it not only empowers locals to participate in their own development but also further educates them on issues affecting their community for future advocacy efforts. By restoring an individual s sense of self worth and potential, they may be more inclined to participate in wider reaching development efforts seizing opportunities to influence municipal, state and federal development policies that strengthen collaborative efforts with the local organizations that already know the communities circumstances best (Iten, 1988; Berloffa, 2012). Overall, I am hoping to move forward in my research by looking at even more specific examples of past collaborative efforts between local organizations and the government toward favela development. Based off of Wendell Berry s idea of a local economy and Saul Alinsky s advocacy for a self interested community organizing, I have become interested in understanding how social institutions within favelas and low income neighborhoods can become the catalysts for building up individual political freedoms and a local sense of ownership in a community s development. My research, thus, would like to continue to explore which local actors are breaking ground in this development approach in São Paulo and assess the success of how they build up individual freedom and civic participation in the local economy. Given the context of this research, it also hypothesizes that a grassroots bottom up approach could best establish a checks and balances system 4

6 for favela residents to hold government development programs accountable for their implementation and follow up procedures. I think the local government can collaborate with other local sustainability organizations to more effectively promote development between all actors. While the grassroots approach is not a novel idea, my future research will attempt to identify the methods in which grassroots organizations can further collaborate with other development initiatives to better address the needs of favelas. As I continue to develop my thesis, I hope to answer other questions that came up throughout this research project about the role of the SDGs in local sustainable developments in São Paulo: What role will UN play in facilitating the SDG goals in favelas? To whom are these SDGs really important and why? Why should Brazil feel incentivized to adopt the SDGs? What does sustainable development look like in São Paulo and how does that perception vary among people living in the city center to the favela outskirts? What would sustainability education look like in favelas? How might the governments, private and international sectors influence those education efforts? How can Brazil move efforts from the favelas up to the national level? As I continue developing my thesis, I hope to further develop answers to these questions or at least open it up for wider dialogue. 5

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