Supplement to Chapter: Binary Numbers and Other Number Systems Review Exercises D44 Problems D47

Transcription

1 . PREFACE CHAPTER Dl Digital Logic Elements Basic Logic Gates 02 Logical AND 02 Logical Inclusive OR 04 Logical NOT 05 Exclusive OR 06 More Complex Logical Statements 07 Standard Symbols for Gates 08 Gates 010 NAND Gate 011 NOR Gate 011 Inverter from a NAND or a NOR 011 Negated-Input AND (the NOR) 014 Negated-Input OR (the NAND) D16 Positive and Negative Logic 017 Gate Constructions 018 Diode Logic (DL) 019 Resistor- Transistor Logic (RTL) 021 Diode- Transistor Logic (DTL) 023 Transistor- Transistor Logic (TTL) 023 Input/Output Considerations for TTL 027 Open-Collector and Three-State Outputs 030 CMOS Logic 032 Input/Output Considerations for CMOS 035 Other Logic Families 039 Small-Scale, Medium-Scale, and Large-Scale Integration 040 Dl ix iii

2 Supplement to Chapter: Binary Numbers and Other Number Systems Review Exercises D44 Problems D47 CHAPTER D2 Gate Circuits Elements of Boolean Algebra D55 Standard Forms D58 Gate Reduction D60 Gate Applications D62 Exclusive OR (X-OR) D62 Equatity Detector D67 Binary Decoder D70 Data Demultiplexer (DEMUX) or Data Distributor D72 Data Multiplexer (MUX) or Data Selector D72 Encoder to Binary D74 CMOS Analog Switches and Multiplexers D75 ROM: Implementation of a Multioutput Truth Table D79 Review Exercises D81 Problems D82 CHAPTER D3 Basic Flip-Flops and Registers Basic Flip-Flops D89 RS Flip-Flop D89 Digital Data-Storage Registers D92 Clocked or Gated RS Flip-Flop D93 D Flip-Flop or Data Latch D94 Edge- Triggered and Master-Slave Flip-Flops D96 Edge- Triggered D- Type Flip-Flop D96 JK Master-Slave Flip-Flop D99 Edge-Triggered JK Flip-Flops DlO3 Clock Inputs from Switches DlO4 Single-Pulse-Only Gate DlO6 Review Exercises DlO7 Problems DlO9 DK9 CHAPTER D4 Flip-Flop Circuits Counters Dl14 Asynchronous Binary Up Counter Dl14 Synchronous Counters Dl17 Presetable Counters Dl18 Modulo-n or Count-by-n Counters Dl20 Decade Counters and the Binary-Coded-Decimal (BCD) Counter Dl23 BCD Counter ChiDs Dl26 iv

3 CONTENT~ Digital Displays 0129 Neon Lamps Segment Displays 0129 Single-Package Decade Chips 0133 Multiplexed Displays 0133 Shift Registers 0134 Shift Register Circuit Types 0136 Shift Register Applications 0138 Review Exercises 0140 Problems 0142 CHAPTER 05 Logic Family Pulse Generation Voltage Comparator D148 Logic Family Schmitt Triggers D150 Logic Family Monostable Multivibrators Some Monostable Applications D154 Square-Wave Oscillators D155 Review Exercises D 156 Problems D157 CHAPTER D6 Digital Instruments Digital Counting and Scaling Instruments D159 Geiger Counter D160 Frequency Meter D161 Period Meter D163 Digital-to-Analog Conversion: The DAC D163 DAC ICs D167 Plotting or Graphing by Computer D167 Voltage-to-Frequency Conversion: The VFC D169 Analog-to-Digital Conversion: The ADC D171 VFC-Based ADC D171 Staircase-Ramp ADC D172 Dual-Slope ADC D174 Successive-Approximation ADC Dl74 Very-High-Speed ADC D176 Data Acquisition Systems D177 ADC Accuracy Specification D179, ADC ICs D180 Review Exercises D 182 Problems D183 CHAPTER 07 Microprocessor Fundamentals Basic Microcomputer Concepts D188 Computer Word Size D188 Computer Organization D D159 D187 v

4 Computer Memory /0 Devices 0191 Central Processing Unit (CPU) 0191 Microprocessor Chip and Microcomputer Board 0192 Memory Organization 0193 Microprocessor Program Counter 0194 Microcomputer Control Panel and Monitor 0194 Basic Microcomputer Operation 0195 Essential Microcomputer Programming and Operation 0197 Four Basic Instruction Types: ADC, LDA, ST A, and JMP 0197 A Complete Simple Program 0208 Running and Debugging a Program 0210 Essential Microcomputer Input and Output Microprocessor Approach to Programmed 1/ Operation of 6502 Memory Communication Lines Multipurpose Chip Port Operation 0217 Programming 6530 Ports 0219 Model for 6530 Port Characteristics 0220 Basic Control Problem Using the 6530 Chip 0222 Use of SYM Application Connector Ports 0225 Review Exercises 0226 Problems 0228 CHAPTER D8 General Considerations of Hardware and Software Microcomputer Systems D236 Large Computers to Minicomputers as Backdrop D236 Hardware and Software D237 Floppy Disc Devices D241 Microcomputer Hardware and Software D242 Memory Hardware D245 Character Communications and the ASCII Code D247 Paper Tape Format D249 Microcomputer Project Implementation D251 Hardware and Software Development D251 Program Design: Algorithms as Flowcharts D252 Algorithms for Closed-Loop Control D254 Closed-Loop Control Using BASIC and the PET D254 A More Elaborate Control Algorithm D257 A.ssembler Language D258 Microcomputer Development Systems D262 Review Exercises Problems D268 D266 D235 vi

5 CHAPTER D Programming for Algorithmic Processes Computer Arithmetic D273 Negative Numbers on Computers D273 Subtraction on the 6502 D277 Multiple-Precision Arithmetic D277 Decimal Mode on the 6502 D278 Machine Language Programming for Process Control D280 Decision Making on the 6502: Branch Instructions D280 Doing Something More than Once: Looping D285 Index-Register Usage as Counters D287 Manipulate-Bits Instructions D288 Process Control Example D291 Additional Hardware and Software Techniques for Laboratory Microcomputing D297 Device Flag and Asynchronous IfO D297 Device Command Register in I! O Technique D301 Polling the Flags D301 Subroutine and Stack Usage D302 Subroutine Example D308 Review Exercises D312 Problems D314 CHAPTER Dl O Characteristics and Application of 6502 Support Devices Interrupt-Driven 1/0 with the 6502 Microprocessor D318 Interrupt System Analogy D Interrupt Protocols D319 Software Interrupts or Traps D RESET D324 Using the Interrupt System on the KIM and SYM D325 Programmable Real- Time Clock and 6530 Timer D Timer Rules D Chip D Timer Examples D /6820/6821 Peripheral Interface Adapter (PIA) D PIA Programming Rules D334 Electrical Characteristics of 6520 Ports and Control Lines D340 Connecting the 6520/6820/6821 to 6502 Microprocessor Systems D341 Tests of PIA Functions D345 Examples of 6520 PIA Use D347 Laboratory Microprocessor Application D351 Other Supporting Device Chips D Versatile Interface Adapter (VIA) D357 vii

6 Asynchronous Communications (ACIA) 0359 Review Exercises 0360 Problems 0362 Interface Adapter BIBLIOGRAPHY ANSWERS TO PROBLEMS INDEX viii