Name Date Class. The Central Dogma of Biology

Transcription

1 Concept Mapping CHAPTER 12 The Central Dogma of Biology Complete the events chain showing the events that occur as DNA codes for RNA, which guides the synthesis of proteins, the central dogma of biology. These terms may be used more than once: cytoplasm, mrna, ribosome, rrna, stop codon, template, uracil. DNA is unzipped in the nucleus. RNA polymerase moves down the (1) DNA strand as the DNA unwinds. As the mrna is made, (2) is incorporated instead of thymine. Processed mrna moves out of the nucleus and into the (3). The mrna connects to the (4), and trna carries the amino acid methionine to the start codon. More trna carries amino acids to the ribosome according to the codons on the mrna. The (5) in the ribosome catalyzes the bonds between amino acids. The ribosome moves along the mrna until it reaches a (6). The (7) is released from the trna, and the ribosome subunits disassemble. 84 Molecular Genetics CHAPTER 12 Unit 3

2 Name Date Class CHAPTER 12 Section 1: DNA: The Genetic Material In your textbook, read about nucleotides. Label the diagrams of DNA nucleotides and bases. Use these choices: cytosine guanine phosphate purine pyrimidine sugar In your textbook, read about DNA structure. Write the term or phrase that best completes each statement. Use these choices: adenine (A) chromosome cytosine double helix double-ring genetic material nitrogenous bases nucleic acids nucleotides purine single-ring 7., guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T) are the four in DNA. 8. In DNA, always forms hydrogen bonds with guanine (G). 9. The sequence of carries the genetic information of an organism. 10. Chargaff s data states that the number of bases equals the number of pyrimidine bases in DNA. 11. The twisted ladder shape of DNA is called a. 12. DNA is the of all organisms. 13. The pyrimidine bases have a structure. 14. The purine bases have a structure. 15. DNA and RNA are the two found in living cells. 16. DNA supercoils to make up the structure known as a. Unit 3 CHAPTER 12 Molecular Genetics 85

3 CHAPTER 12 Section 2: Replication of DNA In your textbook, read about semiconservative replication. Match the description in Column A with the term in Column B. Column A 1. unwinds in multiple areas as DNA is replicated 2. parental strands separate and serve as templates for new strands of DNA 3. the DNA of prokaryotes 4. keep the strands of DNA separate during replication 5. elongates as DNA unwinds and is replicated continuously Column B A. semiconservative replication B. DNA helicase C. single-stranded binding proteins D. leading strand E. eukaryotic DNA F. circular DNA 6. unwinds the double helix In your textbook, read about base pairing. Label the diagram showing DNA replication. Use these choices: DNA ligase DNA polymerase leading strand Okazaki fragments parental DNA Molecular Genetics CHAPTER 12 Unit 3

4 CHAPTER 12 Section 3: DNA, RNA, and Protein In your textbook, read about the central dogma of biology. For each statement below, write true or false. 1. The central dogma of biology, or the mechanism of reading and expressing genes in all living things, can be expressed as follows: DNA RNA proteins. 2. The process of the synthesis of mrna from DNA is called translation. In your textbook, read about the code. Refer to the figure. Respond to each statement. 3. Express the following sequence of DNA nucleotides as complimentary mrna codons. T A C C G A T T A A C A A C T 4. Write the specific amino acid or code that each mrna codon from statement 3 above represents. 5. Identify the start and stop mrna codons. In your textbook, read about translation and the role of the ribosome. Use each of the terms below only once to complete the passage. Once the (6) enters the (7) anticodon cytoplasm mrna protein ribosome start codon translation trna is synthesized, it leaves the nucleus and. The 5' end of the mrna connects to the (8), where the code is read and translated to make a(n) (9) in a process called (10). In translation, (11) interprets the mrna codon sequence. Once the mrna is associated with the ribosome, a trna with the (12) CAU will bind to the mrna (13) AUG. Unit 3 CHAPTER 12 Molecular Genetics 87

5 CHAPTER 12 Section 4: Gene Regulation and Mutations In your textbook, read about prokaryote and eukaryote gene regulation. If the statement is true, write true. If the statement is false, replace the italicized term or phrase to make it true. 1. Gene regulation is the ability of an organism to control which genes are transcribed. 2. A chromosome contains the genes for the proteins needed for a specific metabolic pathway. 3. An operator is a segment of DNA that acts as an on/off switch for translation. 4. Eukaryotes can control gene expression using transcription factors. 5. Hox genes play an important role in determining the gender of an organism. In your textbook, read about mutations. Refer to the figure below. Respond to the following statement. 6. Record the mrna codon sequence that would result from a substitution mutation of A instead of G in the amino acid alanine (Ala) in the above protein. Complete the table by filling in the missing information. Use these choices: frameshift substitution mrna Sequence Mutation Sequence Type of Mutation 7. UGU-CCG-GAA-CGA UGC-CGG-GAA-CGA 8. GAA-CGU-AGC-GGU GAU-CGU-AGC-GGU 9. UGU-UUC-CCU-UAA UGU-UCC-CUU-AA* 88 Molecular Genetics CHAPTER 12 Unit 3

6 Concept Mapping CHAPTER 13 Use of Restriction Enzymes in Genetics and Biotechnology Complete the flowchart about the tools and processes used in genetics and biotechnology. These terms may be used more than once: DNA, DNA fingerprinting, DNA ligase, gel electrophoresis, plasmid, polymerase chain reaction, recombinant DNA, smaller DNA fragments, transformation. 1. is cleaved using restriction enzymes to make 2. which are separated by 3. which are sequenced and are then combined with other DNA to make 4. which is carried by a 7. using 8. and are then inserted into bacteria through and used to identify individuals by 5. using fluorescent tagged nucleotides. Copies are then made by a technique called Genetics and Biotechnology CHAPTER 13 Unit 3

7 CHAPTER 13 Section 1: Applied Genetics In your textbook, read about selective breeding. Match the definition in Column A with the term in Column B. Column A 1. the process in which two closely related organisms are bred to produce desired traits and eliminate undesired ones in future generations 2. the process by which desired traits in an organism are selected and passed on to their future generations Column B A. test cross B. selective breeding C. inbreeding 3. the method for determining the genotype of an organism In your textbook, read about hybridization. Complete the graphic organizer about hybridization. 4. Definition: Hybridization 5. Used by: 6. Advantages of Hybridization: 7. Disadvantages of Hybridization: In your textbook, read about inbreeding. Use each of the terms or phrases below only once to complete the passage. Clydesdale harmful recessive traits pure breeds recessive allele Inbreeding may be used to produce (8). The (9) horse is a good example of inbreeding. One disadvantage of inbreeding is that it can lead to (10). Harmful traits can be passed on to future generations if both parents carry the (11). Unit 3 CHAPTER 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 123

8 CHAPTER 13 Section 2: DNA Technology In your textbook, read about DNA technology. Complete the table by using each term in a sentence. Vocabulary Term Sentence 1. Genetic engineering 2. Restriction enzymes 3. Gel electrophoresis 4. Recombinant DNA 5. Plasmids 6. DNA ligase 7. Transformation 8. Cloning 9. Polymerase chain reaction 10. Transgenic organisms In your textbook, read about genetic engineering. Use each of the terms or phrases below only once to complete the passage. desired traits expressed gene Selective breeding produces organisms with (11), while genetic engineering actually changes how a specific (12) is (13) in an organism s offspring. 124 Genetics and Biotechnology CHAPTER 13 Unit 3

9 , Section 2: DNA Technology continued In your textbook, read about DNA tools and recombinant DNA. Complete the graphic organizer about recombinant DNA. Recombinant DNA Cloning DNA sequencing Polymerase chain reaction Purpose: to produce very large numbers of identical DNA molecules 14. Purpose: 15. Purpose: Write the term or phrase that best completes each statement. Use these choices: gel electrophoresis PCR recombinant DNA technology restriction enzymes 16. Scientists use to cut DNA into smaller fragments. 17. A process called separates DNA fragments by size. 18. During, DNA fragments move to the positive end. 19. starts with a primer. 20. are bacterial proteins. 21. combines DNA fragments from different sources. 22. A technique called copies a specific region of DNA. Unit 3 CHAPTER 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 125

10 CHAPTER 13 Section 3: The Human Genome In your textbook, read about the Human Genome Project. Use each of the terms or phrases below only once to complete the passage. cleaved DNA fingerprinting Escherichia coli Human Genome Project noncoding sequences nucleotides protein-coding sequences The (1) all the (2) was completed in Its goal was to determine the sequence of of human DNA. Scientists prepared for the HGP by starting small, using (3). To determine one continuous human genome sequence, each of the 46 human chromosomes was (4). Most of the sequences have no direct function and are called (5), while less than 2 percent of the sequences are (6) determined through (7).. The DNA sequences unique to each individual were In your textbook, read about DNA fingerprinting. Imagine that you are a detective trying to solve a crime that occurred ten years ago. You have DNA from the crime scene. Write a summary of how you might use DNA fingerprinting to solve your mystery. 8. In your textbook, read about the genome and genetic disorders. Complete the graphic organizer about SNP. Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) 9. Definition: 10. Function: 126 Genetics and Biotechnology CHAPTER 13 Unit 3