Soils of Mongolia. Ochirbat BATKHISHIG. Soil Science Society of Mongolia Soil Department, Institute Geography Mongolian Academy of Sciences

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1 Soils of Mongolia Ochirbat BATKHISHIG Soil Science Society of Mongolia Soil Department, Institute Geography Mongolian Academy of Sciences Bangkok

2 Topics Mongolian Soil resources Soil database development Soil conservation problems

3 Mongolia is Central Asian country, extra-continental climate conditions. Area sq. km. Population 3.0 mln. Average elevation is 1580 meter a.s.l. Transition from Siberian taiga to Steppe and Gobi desert January average air temperature -20 o C July average air temperature +20 о С other 17% Forest 8% Cultivated land 1% Precipitation about mm in year South Gobi desert areas less than 100 mm Grazing land 74%

4 Specific of soil properties of Mongolia High elevation of territory and sporadically distribution of permafrost. More than 80% of territory of Mongolia is higher than 1000 m above sea level Domination of soil forming process in the minus temperature, short biological active period, 3-5 month in year Mountain, Forest, Steppe and Desert soils presented Slow process of chemical weathering and clay formation Carbonate accumulation in the steppe soils Gypsum in the Gobi desert soils Stony soil profile and Organic accumulation layer Paleo-cryomorphic features in the soil profile

5 Soil geographical regions Khangai region: Steppe, Meadow and Forest soils Gobi region: Desert-steppe and Desert soils

6 Forest-taiga soil Central Khentei mountain

7 Kastanozem soil

8 Kastanozem soil

9 Gobi desert Brown soil

10 Soil resource of Mongolia Sand 2% Salty soils 3% Peat cryomorphic 2% Alluvial 2% Mountain tundra 8% Forest taiga soil 9% Steppe soil 46.0 Gobi desert soil 32.6 Desert Gypsic 11% Stony Chernozem 7% Forest taiga soil 9.5 Mountain tundra 8.0 Gobi Brown 14% Alluvial Peat cryomorphic Stony Gobi Brown 3% Stony Dark Kastanozem 15% Kastanozem 13% Dark Kastanozem 10% Chernozem 1%

11 Soil database of Mongolia Soil map data Whole country scale 1 : , 1 : , 1 : , Central, north regions, scale 1 : , 1 : Soil pedon data Hard copy Digital format (More than soil profile data) Excel, Access Soil data (mostly in Mongolian and Russian lang.)

12 Soil map database of Mongolia Before 2000 Most soil maps on hardcopy Bespalov N D, Soil map of Mongolia, Scale 1 : Andreev S I, Soil of Buyant river delta area, 1936 Land Authority Office data Soil map 1 : , Soil map of Mongolia, scale 1: , 1980 Soil map of Mongolia, scale 1 : Using air photos After 2000 Digital soil maps Soil maps of different regions of Mongolia Soil map of Mongolia, scale 1: , IG MAS

13 SOIL MAPPING OF MONGOLIA Converting existing soil maps to the digital format Source data Soil maps of Mongolia, scale 1 : , 1981 Soil maps of Mongolia, scale 1 : , 1979 Soil map of different regions, scale 1 : , 1 : Software ARC Map 10.1 ERDAS Imagine 9.2

14 Compiling New soil maps in different regions of Mongolia

15 Soil mapping methods ArcGIS ArcMap 10.1

16 Soil pedon data before 2000 Data available Morphological characteristics Soil horizon thickness General chemical properties Organic content, ph, Calcium carbonate, exchangeable Ca, Mg, texture Data lack No coordinate location (example: west to soum center 10 km) Not data about water physical properties Only soil texture (Russian classification, Kachinskii) Not much data about soil stone gravel content Soil fine material less than 1 mm (Russian) International standard is less than 2 mm.

17 Soil classification of Mongolia Mongolia used geographical-genetical classification system, like Russian. Now renewing classification system Mongolian soils divided by 2 parts Mountain soil Plain and intermountain valley soils Distinguished 36 types

18

19 Soil degradation Climate warming impact Soil cover drying, compacting and, sealing Soil organic decay acceleration Surface runoff increase due of topsoil compaction and sealing, furthermore linear erosion expanding, creating gullies and channels Soil water capacity decrease Soil salting Human impact Agriculture soil fertility loss Overgrazing Mining Road erosion Forest cut

20 Agriculture soil degradation Total 0,7 million hectare area not more used as a result of degradation. It is estimated that over the past 30 years about tons of soil have been lost from each hectare of cultivated land due to wind erosion alone. 46.5% of arable land was degraded: 12.9% - strong, 28.2% - medium, 58.9 % slightly degraded.

21 Agriculture soil degradation Nearly 60% of total arable land or 0,7 million hectare area not more used as a result of degradation. Arable land degradation of Mongolia, (%) Sligthly, 58.9 Strong, % of arable land was degraded: Medium, 28.2

22 Changes of soil erosion and humus content Soil erodibility Non eroded area Number of samples Average humus content % Decrease percentage comparing with non eroded soils Slight Moderate Severe

23 Climate change Air temperature, C (UB station) 2 1 y = x Last 70 years air temperature increased by C (Ulaanbaatar) This is 2-3 times more than World average World is o C Annual precipitation ranges mm, increased slightly by 10 mm Precipitation, mm (UB station) y = x

24 Soil drying Accelerating organic decay Salinization increase Crusting, sealing Soil fertility loss Wetland decline Biodiversity decreases

25 Permafrost melting

26 Soil erosion risk map Most soil degraded and polluted area is Central Mongolia, where more human impact 700 thousand km 2 area occupied by arid land or Gobi desert vulnerable for soil degradation

27 Human impact on soil Overgrazing Mining Road erosion Forest cut

28 Recent Activities In 2003 started Land privatization of Mongolia. Soil resource becoming valuable and important. In 2010 Ministry of Environment of Mongolia adopted regulatory document Soil economic-ecological assessment In 2012 Mongolian parliament adopted law Soil conservation and Combating desertification Land authority department of Mongolia implemented project activities to convert hard copy soil maps of Mongolia 1: , 1: scale (made in ) to the digital formats Soil Science Department of Mongolian Academy of Sciences implemented project Digital soil mapping and Renewing of Soil classification system Soil survey Small projects in different regions of Mongolia related to the mining and road construction activities.

29 Conclusions Soil database development is challenging issue GIS based database system Processing of legacy dates Digital soil mapping methodology Soil classification renewing Soil conservation problem

30 Thank your for attention

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