CHAPTER 5 PENETRATION BASED DISPATCH STRATEGIES

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1 CHAPTER 5 PENETRATION BASED DISPATCH STRATEGIES 5.1 INTRODUCTION Economic, technology and environmental incentives are changing the scenario of electricity generation, transmission and distribution. Centralized generating facilities are giving way to smaller, more distributed generation partially due to the loss of traditional economies of scale. The increasing concerns of global warming, have made it inevitable to seek the solution in form of environment friendly technologies like renewable energy sources. The advantage of hybrid power systems is the combination of the continuously available diesel power and pollution-free locally available wind energy. With the Wind-Diesel hybrid power system, the annual diesel fuel consumption can be reduced and, at the same time, the level of pollution can be minimized. A suitable control and dispatch strategy has to be developed to take full advantage of the wind energy during the periods of time it is available and to minimize diesel fuel consumption. The hybrid system can be operated either in an islanded mode or grid connected mode. This chapter presents two dispatch strategies (i) load following and (ii) cycle charging along with different system controls for isolated and grid connected hybrid Wind-Diesel systems in the first part. For the proposed systems, dispatch strategies make a remarkable impact on the performance for isolated system, and shows no significance in grid tied hybrid system. The second part of the chapter presents the system control combined dispatch strategy approach, to achieve better performance of wind-diesel system. The main purpose of the control system proposed here is to reduce, as much as possible, the participation of the diesel generator in the electricity generation process, taking the maximum benefit of the renewable sources available.the overall load dispatch scenario is controlled by the availability of renewable power, total system load demand, diesel generator operational constraints and the appropriate management of battery bank. The incorportation of a battery bank makes the control operation more practical.the simulation is extended to see the effects when winddiesel system is connected to grid. 132

2 5.2 DISPATCH STRATEGIES FOR ISOLATED AND GRID CONNECTED HYBRID SYSTEMS The ability to generate electrical power is an important aspect of modern society. The utilization of wind turbines to produce electricity is practiced for over hundred years. Similarly, diesel engines have been a technology to produce energy since 194s. However, the field of engineering concerned with the coupling of Wind- Diesel systems have just begun recently [135]. The following schematic represents basic Wind-Diesel hybrid system. Hybrid power system incorporates more than one piece of equipment for electricity generation as well as storage, power conditioning components and system controls. The system consists of two diesel generators along with a wind turbine connected to the AC bus side of the network in isolated and grid connected modes. HOMER power optimization software by NREL is used to simulate and analyze the hybrid systems. Figure 5.1 and 5.2 shows the isolated winddiesel and grid connected wind-diesel systems respectively. A technical challenge for the isolated hybrid Wind-Diesel system and grid tied hybrid system is related to its control and dispatch strategy. The energy distribution for hybrid systems with and without considering energy storage element battery will be different. Energy storage can smooth out the fluctuation of wind power. The dispatch strategy is intended to control the system such that the load requirements (electric and thermal, domestic hot water usage, space heating, and space cooling) are met. A dispatch strategy is a set or rules that govern the operation of the generator(s) and the battery bank. Two dispatch strategies, (i) load following and (ii) cycle charging are proposed for the system with multiple diesel generator controls. Which is optimal depends on many factors, including the sizes of the generators and battery bank, the price of fuel, the O&M cost of the generators, the amount of renewable power in the system, and the character of the renewable resources. The systems are simulated with two dispatch strategies and paper discusses the results of control and dispatch strategies Load Following Dispatch Strategy LOAD FOLLOWING: Under the load following strategy, whenever a generator is needed it produces only enough power to meet the demand. Load following tends to be optimal in systems with a lot of renewable power, when the renewable power 133

3 output sometimes exceeds the load. The load following strategy is a dispatch strategy whereby whenever a generator operates, it produces only enough power to meet the primary load. Lower-priority objectives such as charging the battery bank or serving the deferrable load are left to the renewable power sources. Under the load following strategy, HOMER dispatches the system's controllable power sources (generators, grid, battery bank) so as to serve the primary load and the thermal load at the least total cost each time step, while satisfying the operating reserve requirement. The total cost includes the cost of fuel, operation and maintenance, and replacement. P L = P WIND + P BATTERY (P DIESEL OFF). When Battery is connected P L = P DIESEL. When battery is not connected P EXCESS = P DUMPLOAD + P THERMAL A generator's fixed cost is equal to its hourly operation and maintenance cost plus its hourly replacement cost plus the cost of its no-load fuel consumption. Its marginal cost is equal to its fuel curve slope times the fuel price. If waste heat can be recovered from the generator and the waste heat is needed to serve the thermal load, the generator's marginal cost is reduced by the value of the thermal energy it produces (which is equal to the marginal cost of thermal energy from the boiler). If a cost is assigned to carbon emissions, the generator's marginal cost is increased accordingly. Once it characterizes each dispatchable source in this way, the set of combination of generation sources that satisfies the primary load, required operating reserve, and thermal load at least cost are simulated Cycle Charging Dispatch Strategy CYCLE CHARGING: Under the cycle charging strategy, whenever a generator has to operate, it operates at full capacity with surplus power going to charge the battery bank. Cycle charging tends to be optimal in systems with little or no renewable power. The cycle charging strategy is a dispatch strategy whereby whenever a generator needs to operate to serve the primary load, it operates at full output power. Surplus electrical production goes toward the lower-priority objectives such as, in order of decreasing priority: serving the deferrable load, charging the battery bank, and serving the electrolyzer. 134

4 P L = P WIND + P DIESEL (with 1% capacity) + P BATTERY (charging with surplus diesel power) When using the cycle charging strategy, the controllable power sources (generators, battery bank, grid) dispatches power in a two-step process. (1) selects the optimal combination of power sources to serve the primary and thermal load according to the load-following strategy. (2) ramps up the output of each generator in that optimal combination to its rated capacity, or as close as possible without causing excess electricity. If a set point state of charge applies to the cycle charging strategy, then when the battery state of charge is below the set point and the battery was not discharged in the previous time step, HOMER will avoid discharging the battery in this time step. A generator will likely be called upon to serve the primary load and produce excess electricity to charge the battery bank. So once the system starts charging the battery bank it continues to do so until it reaches the set point state of charge System Controls After the system components, modelling and simulations of the micro power system are carried out. HOMER, an optimization model is used to simulate the system. Large number of options are available for different sizes of the components used, components to be added to the system which make sense, cost functions of components used in the system. HOMER s optimization and sensitivity analysis algorithms evaluated the possibility of system configuration. A Range of different fuel prices and different wind speeds are considered for modelling. The system cost calculations account for costs such as capital, replacement, operation and maintenance, fuel and interest. The simulation is carried out for two different dispatch strategies (i) load following and (ii) cycle charging with diesel generator controls, considering an isolated wind-diesel and grid connected wind-diesel hybrid systems shown in figures 5.1 and 5.2 respectively. 135

5 Figure 5.1 Isolated Wind-Diesel HPS Figure 5.2 Grid Connected Wind-Diesel HPS Multiple generators can operate simultaneously, with minimum renewable energy fractions (MRF) considered = % and 2%, annual interest rate = 6%, plant working life span = 2 years, diesel price and 2%, wind speed =, 4.5 and 5.5 m/s Wind Turbine A 65 kw, Atlantic Orient make AOC 15/5 wind turbine is chosen for the system. Availability of energy from the wind turbine depends greatly on wind variations. Wind data for a site Kutch, Gujarat with 24.5 latitude and 7.5 longitude is considered. The parameters considered for wind turbine are : anemometer height : 1 m, Weibull K : 2, auto correlation factor:.85, scaled annual averages 4.5 and 5.5 m/sec, turbine life time : 15 years and hub height : 25 years. The capital cost, replacement cost and O&M cost considered for the wind turbine are 3 $, 25 $ and 5 $/yr respectively. Diesel Generator Two diesel generators of capacity 75 kw and 1 kw are considered for this system. Operating hours and Minimum load ratio % are 15 hours and 3% respectively. Capital cost, replacement and O&M costs considered for the diesel generators are 15 $, 12 $ and.5 $/hr. Battery Bank In case of excess energy from renewables, storage battery bank is used in the hybrid system design. Commercially available battery models, like Surrett 4KS25P (4V, 19 Ah, 7.6 kwh) is considered for the hybrid system. Each battery costs capital cost 5$, 5$ to replace the battery and 5$/yr for O&M. Optimized battery size from simulation result is 36 kw. 136

6 Power Converter A power electronic converter is required for a system in which DC components serve an AC load or vice versa. The installation and replacement cost are taken as 1$ and 1$ respectively. O&M cost is considered to be 1$/yr. Lifetime of a unit is 15 years and an efficiency of 85%. Grid Grid inputs refers to grid rates, emissions and interconnection charges and outputs are energy charges and demand charges. Grid rates can be applied to schedule diagram for different time periods. The peak rate applies in May to August from 9 to 12 pm. Shoulder rates are applied from June to July from 6 am to 6 pm. The off peak rates are applied to all other times. 5.3 LIFE CYCLE COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS This is a methodology for the systematic economic consideration of life costs and benefits over a period of analysis. Life cycle cost benefit analysis is an assessment of the environmental impact of a component throughout its life cycle. Figure 5.3 shows schematic representation of the proposed algorithm. Figure 5.3 Schematic Representation of the Proposed Algorithm 137

7 5.3.1 Proposed Methodology and Flowchart Flow chart of the proposed system is shown in figure 5.4 for Isolated and grid connected Wind-Diesel hybrid power system for load following and cycle charging strategy. Start Obtain Wind Speed Data for a particular location Enter the load data for (i) Daily Profile and (ii) Seasonal Profile Select suitable sizes of Wind Turbine, Diesel Generator, Battery and Convertor, Rate schedule of grid Apply System Controls and Dispatch Strategies Isolated Wind-Diesel Hybrid System Grid Connected Wind-Diesel Hybrid System Load Following Dispatch Cycle Charging Dispatch Analyze the impact of dispatch strategies in terms of Technical, Economic and Environmental aspects Stop Figure 5.4 Flowchart of the proposed Isolated and Grid Connected Wind-Diesel HPS 138

8 5.3.2 Case : 1 Wind-Diesel Isolated System Wind Resource Utilizing wind mills for various reasons is a practice for several years. Now many nations recognize the shortage of fossil fuels and importance of wind energy. The wind energy has re-emerged as an important source of sustainable energy resource worldwide. As the ratio of installed wind capacity to the system load increases, the required equipment needed to maintain a stable AC grid increases, forcing an optimum amount of wind power in a given system. So the design of individual components must be sized properly. India is enriched with abundant wind energy resources. Tamilnadu and Gujarat have the longest sea coast. So, a remote place of Gujarat, Kutch 23.4 latitude and longitude is taken as a site for data selection. Weather data are important for pre feasibility study of renewable hybrid system for a particular site. In this modelling, 65 kw AC rated power is used for the wind turbine. The power curve and cost curve for wind turbine is shown in figures 5.5 and 5.6 respectively. Figure 5.5 Power Curve of a Wind Turbine Turbine Figure 5.6 Cost Curve of a Wind The life time is taken as 25 years and Hub Height is 25 meters for the wind turbine considered. Figure 5.7 and 5.8 shows the wind resource and wind profile. 1 hr auto correlation factor is.893. Figure 5.7 Wind Resource Figure 5.8 Wind Speed Profile 139

9 Diesel Engines Diesel generators and combustion engines are mainly used for off-grid generation as a source of continuous power. Low installed capacity, high shaft efficiency, suitable for start-stop operation, and high exhaust heat are some of the favourable aspects of combustion engines. The shaft is directly coupled to the generator and electricity is produced. They run at a speed defined by the frequency of supply grid. In this modelling 75 kw and 1 kw diesel engines are used along with the wind turbine. In addition to wind turbine and two diesel generators, storage battery, a converter and a primary load is used in the modelling of Wind-Diesel hybrid system. A primary load of 2.1 MWh/day having 189 kw peak is taken for simulation. Figure 5.9 Isolated Wind-Diesel System in Figure 5.1 Grid connected Wind-Diesel System in HOMER HOMER Case : 2 Wind-Diesel Grid Connected Hybrid System Grid The rate schedule of grid for three different off peak, shoulder and peak durations are shown in figure 5.11 and Figure 5.11 Rate Schedule Figure 5.12 Month wise Rate Schedule 14

10 Parameters Dispatch Strategies Isolated HPS Dispatch Strategies Grid Connected HPS Load Following Cycle Charging Load Following Cycle Charging Total net present cost Levelized cost of energy Operating cost $ 5,732,866 $ 5,812,497 $ 3,879,561 $ 3,884,442 $.574/kWh $.582/kWh $.63/kWh $.63/kWh $ 268,346/yr $ 274,576/yr $ 128,633 /yr $ 129,13 /yr Renewable fraction Carbon Dioxide 334,355 kg/yr 359,157 kg/yr -2,179,278-2,179,621 Carbon Monoxide Unburned Hydrocarbons Particulate Matter Sulphur Dioxide Nitrogen Oxides 817 kg/yr 878 kg/yr 9.5 kg/yr 97.3 kg/yr 61.6 kg/yr 66.2 kg/yr 672 kg/yr 721 kg/yr 7,288 kg/yr 7,836 kg/yr ,949-9, Table 5.1 Results of Isolated and Grid Connected Hybrid Systems Results and Discussions The system shown in figure 5.9 and 5.1 are isolated and grid connected winddiesel hybrid systems. All hybrid power systems can be operated in two different modes : 1) Autonomous or isolated mode, where the components of microgrid like wind and diesel together with battery and convertor are not connected to the main grid. 2) Grid tied mode, where the microsources like wind and diesel in addition to the 141

11 battery are connected to the utility grid. In this mode, the size of battery and convertor required is small compared to the isolated mode. These two systems are simulated with the dispatch strategies like load following and cycle charging with the system and grid controls. Table 5.1 shows the comparison of load following and cycle charging dispatch strategies for isolated and grid connected wind-diesel system. Grid connected systems show better performance for total Net Present Cost (NPC), Levelized Cost of Energy (COE) and Renewable Fraction (RF) as shown in Figure 5.13 for Load Following Dispatch Strategy. NPC OC 1,, 5,, 3, 2, 1, NPC OC (a) Net Present Cost (b) Operating Cost LCE 1.5 LCE RF RF (c) Levelized Cost of Energy (d) Renewable Fraction Figure 5.13 Comparison of Isolated and Grid Connected System for Load Following Dispatch Strategy 142

12 CO UH PM Isolated Grid Connected 5.14 Comparison of Green House Gases for Isolated and Grid Connected Hybrid Systems NO X CO 2 8, 7,5 7, 36, 34, NOX 32, CO2 (a) NO X Emission (b) CO 2 Emission CO UH PM SO2 Load Following Cycle Charging Figure 5.15 (c) Environmental Parameters for Load Following and Cycle Charging Dispatch Strategy for Isolated Hybrid System 143

13 NPC OC 5,85, 5,8, 5,75, 5,7, 5,65, NPC 275, 27, 265, OC (a) Net Present Cost (b) Operating Cost LCE RF LCE RF (c) Levelized Cost of Energy (d) Renewable Fraction Figure 5.16 Comparison of Techno-Economic Parameters for Load Following and Cycle Charging Dispatch Strategy for Isolated System 5.4 PENETRATION BASED DISPATCH STRATEGIES Microgrids integrate distributed renewable energy resources, controllable local loads and energy storage systems in a more economic and reliable fashion. Energy storage units like battery, flywheel or hydrogen storage techniques are essential for microgrid operation, which make microgrid become a strong coupling system in the time domain. Hence, the traditional methods of static dispatch are no longer suitable for microgrid. The benefit of hybrid power systems is the combination of the continuously available diesel power and locally available, pollution-free wind energy or photovoltaic energy. With two different hybrid power systems (i) Wind-Diesel and (ii) PV-Diesel simulated, the annual diesel fuel consumption can be reduced and, at the same time, the level of pollution can be minimized. A proper control and dispatch strategy is developed to take full advantage of the renewable energy during the periods of time it is available and to minimize diesel fuel consumption. The proposed algorithm compares two dispatch strategies (i) load following and (ii) cycle charging 144

14 along with different system controls for two different hybrid systems based on renewable penetration in microgrid Proposed Methodology and Flowchart Figure 5.17 shows the flowchart of the proposed penetration based dispatch strategy for PV-Diesel and Wind-Diesel hybrid systems. The effectiveness of the dispatch strategies are checked from the proposed algorithm. Start Obtain Wind Speed Data, Solar Radiation for a particular location Enter the load data for (i) Daily Profile and (ii) Seasonal Profile Select suitable sizes of Wind Turbine, Diesel Generator, PV, Battery and Convertor Apply System Controls and Dispatch Strategies Wind-Diesel Hybrid System PV-Diesel Hybrid System Load Following Dispatch Cycle Charging Dispatch Analyze the impact of dispatch strategies in terms of Technical, Economic and Environmental aspects Stop Figure 5.17 Flowchart of the proposed penetration based dispatch Strategy 145

15 5.4.2 Case : 1 PV-Diesel Hybrid System Photo Voltaic System A 65 kw DC PV system is chosen for the system. Availability of energy from the PV depends greatly on solar radiation variations. Solar data for a site Charanka near Kutch, Gujarat. Figure 5.18 PV-Diesel System in HOMER Figure 5.19 Isolated PV-Diesel HPS Case : 2 Wind-Diesel Hybrid System Figure 5.2 Wind-Diesel System in HOMER Figure 5.21 Isolated Wind-Diesel HPS The parameters considered for PV are: lifetime: 2 years, ground reflectance: 2%, tracking system: horizontal axis, continuous adjustment, scaled annual average

16 kwh/m 2 /day. The capital cost, replacement cost and O&M cost considered for the wind turbine are 75 $, 75 $ and 75 $/yr respectively. The hybrid systems are shown in figures 5.18 to Results and Discussions Parameters Dispatch Strategies for Case :1 Wind-Diesel Hybrid System Dispatch Strategies for Case :2 PV-Diesel Hybrid System Load Cycle Load Cycle Following Charging Following Charging Total net present cost (NPC) Levelized cost of energy (COE) $ 5,732,866 $ 5,812,497 $ 5,396,565 $ 4,765,429 $.574/kWh $.582/kWh $.54/kWh $.477/kWh Operating Cost $ 268,346/yr $ 274,576/yr $ 356,445/yr $ 37,73/yr Renewable Fraction Carbon Dioxide 334,355 kg/yr 359,157 kg/yr 681,523 kg/yr 636,917 kg/yr Carbon Monoxide 817 kg/yr 878 kg/yr 1,658 kg/yr 1,548 kg/yr Unburned Hydrocarbons 9.5 kg/yr 97.3 kg/yr 184 kg/yr 171 kg/yr Particulate Matter 61.6 kg/yr 66.2 kg/yr 125 kg/yr 117 kg/yr Sulphur Dioxide 672 kg/yr 721 kg/yr 1,369 kg/yr 1,279 kg/yr Nitrogen Oxides 7,288 kg/yr 7,836 kg/yr 14,795 kg/yr 13,813 kg/yr Table: 5.2 Comparison of dispatch strategies for Wind-Diesel and PV-Diesel Hybrid Systems The hybrid systems shown in figures 5.18 and 5.2, are simulated for two different dispatch strategies with the system controls. Table 5.2 shows the comparison 147

17 of load following and cycle charging dispatch strategies for Wind-Diesel and PV- Diesel Hybrid Systems. Two hybrid systems are simulated for load following and cycle charging with SOC 8%, the analysis is carried out considering technical, electrical and environmental aspects. With the proposed system control and dispatch strategies for case 1, Wind-Diesel hybrid system, the performance of the system with load following dispatch strategy is better than that of cycle charging dispatch. For case 2, PV-Diesel hybrid system, cycle charging dispatch strategy proves better performance than load following strategy. Depending on the penetration of the renewable resources in the isolated hybrid systems, a dispatch strategy can be decided. NPC OC 6,, 4,, 2,, NPC 32, 3, 28, 26, 24, OC (a) Net Present Cost (b) Operating Cost LCE RF.5 1 LCE.5 1 RF (c) Levelized Cost of Energy (d) Renewable Fraction Figure 5.22 Comparison of Wind-Diesel and PV-Diesel for Cycle Charging Dispatch Strategy 148

18 CO2 NOX 1,, 5, 15, 1, 5, CO2 NOX (a) CO 2 Emission (b) NO X Emission CO UH PM SO2 Wind-Diesel PV-Diesel Figure 5.23 (c) Environmental Parameters for Wind-Diesel and PV-Diesel Hybrid System for Cycle Charging Dispatch Strategy NPC OC 5,5, 5,, 4,5, 4,, NPC 4, 35, 3, 25, OC (a) Net Present Cost (b) Operating Cost 149

19 LCE RF LCE RF (c) Levelized Cost of Energy (d) Renewable Fraction Figure 5.24 Comparison of PV-Diesel for Load Following and Cycle Charging Dispatch Strategies CO 2 NO X 7, 65, 6, CO2 15, 14,5 14, 13,5 13, NOX (a) CO 2 Emission (b) NO X Emission 1,8 1,6 1,4 1,2 1, CO UH PM SO2 Load Following Cycle Charging Figure 5.25 (c) Environmental Parameters for PV-Diesel Hybrid System for Load Following and Cycle Charging Dispatch Strategies 15

20 5.5 CONCLUSION In first part of this chapter, isolated and grid connected wind-diesel hybrid systems with load following and cycle charging strategies are simulated. Later in this chapter, penetration based dispatch strategies are discussed for Wind-Diesel and PV- Diesel Hybrid Systems. To summarize the performance of isolated and grid connected systems, based on economic, technical and environmental aspects following points can be concluded : 1) Load following dispatch strategy is better for isolated wind-diesel system. The renewable fraction is high, Net Present Cost (NPC) is less and Green House Gases (GHG) and their emissions are less for load following strategy. 2) For a grid tied system, the dispatch strategy, whether load following does not make remarkable impact on technical, environmental and economical results. There is a slight decrease in NPC in load following dispatch strategy compared to cycle charging (as the battery charging cost reduces). For both dispatch strategies, renewable fraction, COE and emissions shows same effect. 3) When we compare isolated wind-diesel hybrid system with the grid connected wind-diesel hybrid power system, three parameters, Net Present Cost (NPC), Levelized Cost of Energy (COE) and renewable fraction changes significantly. These parameters shows better performance when the microgrid is in grid connected mode. Hence, grid connected systems are better than isolated hybrid power systems, but in remote places, where the grid is not available this isolated wind-diesel system is the only solution to cater the local load demands with load following strategy. The results of Case: 1, isolated Wind-diesel hybrid system using HOMER modelling shows that if, cost summary, cash flow summary, electrical production or emissions and cost of wind turbine, battery and converter is considered as a whole, load following dispatch strategy is far better than cycle charging dispatch strategy. Whereas the analysis of Case: 2, isolated PV-diesel hybrid system using HOMER modeling shows that if, cost summary, cash flow summary, electrical production or emissions and cost of pv, battery and converter is considered as a whole, cycle charging dispatch strategy is proves better than load following dispatch strategy, except the parameter renewable fraction. Considering economic, technical and environmental aspects for both the strategies, Load following strategy is better in 151

21 cases where renewable penetration is more and cycle charging is effective in cases where renewable energy penetration is less. It is clear from Table 1, that for the same size, wind penetrates more than pv. Hence, we can summarize that for hybrid winddiesel system, load following dispatch strategy and for pv-diesel hybrid system, cycle charging strategy gives better performance in terms of Net Present Cost (NPC), Cost of Energy (COE), renewable fraction and GHG (Green House Gases) emissions. 152

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