Particle physics at the energy frontier. Course overview Jørgen Beck Hansen

Transcription

1 Particle physics at the energy frontier Course overview Jørgen Beck Hansen

2 About me 9 years research fellow and staff at CERN, Switzerland Worked on Large-Electron-Positron (LEP) and Large-Hadron-Collider(LHC) Started as research associate the NBI Particle Physics group (HEP) last year Office: Blegdamsvej 21 (building M) mc-8 Beck@nbi.dk

3 Course synopsis The Standard Model and electroweak symmetry breaking Review standard model particles and forces Electroweak symmetry breaking and the Higgs boson CompHEP Detector basics Generic hadron collider detector Impact of detector effect and resolutions Collider physics Structure functions Hadron collider phenomenology Tevatron physics Physics studied at present day collider QCD, EW, Flavour-physics Higgs search strategy A casestudy on search for new physics SM predictions: Production rates, decays, discovery potential SUSY and open questions in HEP Beyond SM scenarios SUSY is many s favorite Crash course: ~250 pages in 7 weeks

4 After this course you will be able to calculate some simple processes with the help of Feynman rules Higgs production and decay, Neutrino scattering, e + e - -> γ,z ->μ + μ -,... use CompHEP to generate distributions (cross-section, decay width,..) to confront with experimental data. use CompHEP extensively as a particle physicist to study the established Standard Model (SM) to look for the missing block, Higgs qualitively understand and evaluate particle physics publications and results of today move into the unknown high energy territories of nature s greatest myths and to try Physics beyond the SM: Supersymmetry, (Extra dimensions?),... be ready for the immediate future: Large Hadron Collider As a particle physicist

5 Practicalities Prerequisites Intro-course on Particle physics Knowledge on Quantum Field Theory Experimental techniques Textbook: "High P t Physics at Hadron Colliders", Dan Green, Cambridge University Press, Available at the university bookstore (bogladen) at a very good price (30% off) Strongly recommended to look at the course web-page Lots of supplementary information Points to several GOOD sites Announcements on exercises/lecture plan

6 Arhhh yes Exam Foreseen in the week of 18-22th of June Majority rules, so speak up if you want the following week Will likely consist of 2 parts A long term (~4 weeks) article review ending with a 10 minutes slide-show + (optional) proceeding for the final day A random subject either from a list of questions or articles (then we have the 3 days) equal weight (proceeding can add, but NOT reduce grade)

7 This is a new course suggestions are very welcome Future students depend on you!

8 Where to go from here? This course is the last in the Particle physics fag-pakke : 1. Theory: General relativity Poul Olesen 2. Theory: Particle physics Poul Henrik Damgaard 3. Experiment: Experimental methods Peter Hansen 4. Experiment: High P t physics at the frontier -- JBH and it will be giving you the deeper peak into the wonderful world of particle physics Next step? Colloquium? Thesis?... I have some suggestions..

9 Particle physics at the energy frontier An Appetizer Jørgen Beck Hansen

10 What is left to you to discover? The Higgs boson(s) responsible for spontaneous symmetry breaking and for mass Supersymmetry, a new symmetry between matter and force particles Extra space dimensions, gravitons, mini-black holes Extra symmetries/interactions Why confinement of quarks and gluons in hadrons? Why 3 famillies of fermions? Why and how neutrino masses? The origin of dark matter? The origin of matter-antimatter asymmetry in the universe? The origin of dark energy? The original symmetry of the universe!

11 And where?

12 The Large Hadron Collider 14 TeV proton-proton collider at CERN Magnets being installed Over half the dipole magnets completed First beam in 2007

13 4 experiments at LHC to study primarily: Matter-antimatter asymmetry: LHC-B (+ATLAS/CMS) Primordial Quark-Gluon plasma: ALICE (+ATLAS/CMS) Origin of mass, Supersymmetry, Nature of Dark matter, Extra-dimensions,... as well as Standard Model measurements (masses, constants, parameters,...) ATLAS/CMS

14 LHC will be the most powerful instrument ever built to investigate particles properties. 1.E+35 x 7 LHC -2.s -1 ] Luminosity [cm 1.E+34 1.E+33 1.E+32 1.E+31 ISR LEP2 LEP1 HERA SppS TeVatron highest energy most intense beams x E Center-of-mass energy [GeV]

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16 LHC won't miss Higgs if it exists! If not, seek other mechanisms H-> γγ H-> ZZ*->llll ~1 Higgs expected in 1,000,000,000,000 events

17 No No GUT, GUT, No No GLORY Current data also hint at a unification between Strong and Electroweak forces... at much larger energies, GUT scale. GUT And this is not the end of the story......susy...

18 Let SUperSYmmetry be Dark Matter counts o Grand Unification needs it TOE Superstring theory (TOE) requires it!

19 UperSYmmetry Unifies matter and force particles: matter-force uality Relates particles of different spins: Fermionsosons... suits everybody... except experimentalists! Not yet seen... If one day, -> superspectroscopy... a lot to do it's no desert!

20 Supersymmetry at LHC will be discovered if true Squark decay: measureable particles: l+l-, quark seen as a jet and large missing energy due to Lightest Supersymmetric Particle (LSP)

21 What about gravity? Why is it weak? Answer: It does not have to be weak -> Extra dimensions Spring 1998: Arkani-Hamed, Dimopolous og Dvali (ADD) Gravity alone feels extra dimensions! Braneworlds EM Strength gravity r 1/m strong

22 The quest for extra dimensions originally suggested by Kaluza-Klein to unify Gravity and Electromagnetism more recently, X-Dim required for consistency of SuperString Theory could help unify all 4 forces M(e + e - ) Even more recently, Gravity could become strong already at the TEV scale accessible at LHC q q g G q g q G g g g G

23 We are living in a new exciting era of mankind s understanding of nature