Nuclear Energy 101. William Arthur (Art) Wharton III Westinghouse Electric Company LLC. Credit: W. D. Pointer, Ph. D. ANS Congressional Seminar Series
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1 Nuclear Energy William Arthur (Art) Wharton III Westinghouse Electric Company LLC Credit: W. D. Pointer, Ph. D
2 Earned a Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Texas in 2006 Employed at Westinghouse Electric Company, LLC Lead a program to open a Wholly Foreign Owned Entity (WFOE) in Shanghai, China Coordination of ~100 managers & executives with differing opinions and strategies My job: One Westinghouse About Me 2 The American Nuclear Society has shaped me as a nuclear technology professional Treasurer of the Operations & Power Division Member of the Strategic Planning Committee Member of Public Policy Committee Past Chairman of the Pittsburgh Local Section My dedication to nuclear science and technology stems from my dedication to leaving the world in better condition than I found it and serving my community.
3 Shippingport Reactor Vessel
4 4 We re going to wrestle with some big questions
5 5 We re going to wrestle with some big questions
6 6 We re going to wrestle with some big questions
7 7 We re going to wrestle with some big questions
8 8 We re going to wrestle with some big questions
9 9
10 10 It s OK if we don t have the answers. We ll engage the scientific method to figure things out.
11
12 12 A little creativity can make a big difference.
13 13
14 14 Let s get started
15 Why do we need more energy?
16 Electricity Enables Human Development Energy use is shown in Tonnes of Oil Equivalent (or TOE) Visualization from Gapminder World, powered by Trendalyzer from
17 Electricity Enables Human Development Energy use is shown in Tonnes of Oil Equivalent (or TOE) Visualization from Gapminder World, powered by Trendalyzer from
18 Electricity Enables Human Development Energy use is shown in Tonnes of Oil Equivalent (or TOE) Visualization from Gapminder World, powered by Trendalyzer from
19 As nations develop they move up and to the right Energy use is shown in Tonnes of Oil Equivalent (or TOE) Visualization from Gapminder World, powered by Trendalyzer from
20 Per Capita Use is Informative, But Can Be Misleading Energy use is shown in Tonnes of Oil Equivalent (or TOE) Visualization from Gapminder World, powered by Trendalyzer from
21 Why do we need NUCLEAR energy?
22 U.S. Electric Generation in % 2% BILLION Megawatthours Total 19% 15% 52% Coal Petroleum Natural Gas Nuclear Hydroelectric Other Renewables 3% Source: Electric Power Annual 2010 U.S. Energy Information Administration
23 U.S. Electric Generation in % 4% BILLION Megawatthours Total 20% 24% 45% Coal Petroleum Natural Gas Nuclear Hydroelectric Other Renewables 1% Source: Electric Power Annual 2010 U.S. Energy Information Administration
24 U.S. Electric Generation in % 5% BILLION Megawatthours Total 13.4% INCREASE since % 25% 42% Coal Petroleum Natural Gas Nuclear Hydroelectric Other Renewables 1% Source: Electric Power Annual 2010 U.S. Energy Information Administration
25 25 Let s move on to a truly important energy engineering question.
26 26 How does your coffee pot work? Why does the water pour out of your coffee pot s filter basket into the pot below? How does the water you put into your coffeepot go from the tank to the filter basket?
27 27 Coffee Pots: The Naked Truth Water absorbs energy Water s density decreases with temperature Steam s density is MUCH lower than liquid water Hot, low density water rises to filter basket Added energy enables water to do some useful work Energy
28 28 What does this have to do with NUCLEAR ENERGY?
29 29 How is a Power Plant like a Coffee Pot? This is worth a closer look. Energy
30 30 Energy How is a Power Plant like a Coffee Pot? First, we won t need a coffee pot in a power plant. Next we should probably look at things from a different angle.
31 31 How is a Power Plant like a Coffee Pot? We need a bigger heat source than a coffee pot s hot plate. Now let s make some electricity!
32 32 Turbine/ Generator Condenser How is a Power Plant like a Coffee Pot? How do we control how much electricity we make?
33 33 Turbine/ Generator Pump Condenser How is a Power Plant like a Coffee Pot? How do we control how much electricity we make?
34 34 How is a Power Plant like a Coffee Pot? A closer look at a coal fired power plant.
35 35 How is a nuclear power plant different?
36 36 It s the Fuel! Nuclear power plants use the energy stored in the nucleus of large atoms rather than the energy stored in weaker chemical bonds.
37 37 It s the Fuel! 150 Tons of Uranium 2,100,000 Tons of Coal 10,000,000 Barrels of Oil
38 38
39 39 It s the Fuel! The spent fuel used to generate all of the energy used in one American s lifetime would fit in here
40 What is Nuclear Fission? If the nucleus of a heavy atom (such as Uranium) absorbs a neutron, the nucleus can become unstable and split. This is called NUCLEAR FISSION. Neutron Uranium Nucleus Images: Original art by Dave Pointer
41 What is Nuclear Fission? The nucleus splits in two halves and releases some neutrons, and radiation Images: Original art by Dave Pointer
42 What is Nuclear Fission? During fission, a small amount of mass is lost. This mass is transformed into ENERGY, which is also released. Images: Original art by Dave Pointer
43 43 Let s Build a Nuclear Power Plant
44 44 Let s Build a Nuclear Power Plant First, ceramic fuel pellets are manufactured from uranium ore
45 45 Let s Build a Nuclear Power Plant The ceramic fuel pellets are stacked in a column And sealed inside a metallic alloy case, called the cladding, to form a fuel rod
46 46 Let s Build a Nuclear Power Plant The fuel rods are grouped together in a regular array or fuel assembly
47 47 Let s Build a Nuclear Power Plant The fuel rods are grouped together in a regular array or fuel assembly The fuel assemblies are arranged in a larger regular array or reactor core
48 48 Let s Build a Nuclear Power Plant The fuel rods are grouped together in a regular array or fuel assembly The fuel assemblies are arranged in a larger regular array or reactor core The reactor core is contained inside a heavy steel reactor pressure vessel (RPV)
49 49 A Reality Check Fuel Assembly and Reactor Core Design are Complex Engineering Challenges
50 50 Let s Build a Nuclear Power Plant The fuel rods are grouped together in a regular array or fuel assembly The fuel assemblies are arranged in a larger regular array or reactor core The reactor core is contained inside a heavy steel reactor pressure vessel (RPV)
51 51 Let s Build a Nuclear Power Plant Pump In a nuclear power plant, the reactor core replaces the burning fossil fuel as the energy source Condenser Turbine/ Generator
52 52 Let s Build a Nuclear Power Plant Pump Control rods absorb neutrons and are used to stop/start the reaction Condenser Turbine/ Generator
53 53 Let s Build a Nuclear Power Plant Pump Control rods absorb neutrons and are used to stop/start the reaction Condenser Turbine/ Generator
54 54 What s so CRITICAL? CRITICAL k=1 # of Neutrons Produced = # of Neutrons Absorbed SUB-Critical k<1 # of Neutrons Produced < # of Neutrons Absorbed SUPER-Critical k>1 # of Neutrons Produced > # of Neutrons Absorbed
55 55 Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) 39 of the 104 nuclear power plants in the U.S. look like this Pump Condenser They re called BWRs or Boiling Water Reactors Turbine/ Generator
56 56 Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) Most U.S. nuclear power plants are PWRs or Pressurized Water Reactors Pump Pump Condenser Steam is made in a steam generator rather than directly in the reactor core Turbine/ Generator
57 57 Turbine/ Generator PWR Containment Pump The entire reactor sits inside a large concrete and steel containment building Pump Condenser
58 58 Pressurized Water Reactor
59 59 Turbine/ Generator BWR Containment Pump The entire reactor sits inside a large concrete and steel containment building Condenser
60 60 Boiling Water Reactor
61 61 POP QUIZ!!!
62 62
63 63
64 64
65
66 66 Turbine/ Generator BWR Containment Pump The entire reactor sits inside a large concrete and steel containment building Condenser
67 67 Boiling Water Reactor
68 68 What have we left out? Instrumentation Systems for optimizing efficiency Control system components used by operators Steam system components for thermodynamic efficiency Equipment to support outages and refueling Safety Systems
69 69 A few words about SAFETY Two primary safety functions Contain radioactive material to protect the public Many layers of containment Maintain ability to cool the fuel Emergency Core Cooling Systems to move additional cooling water through the core during accident scenarios Pumps driven by offsite power Backup battery power Backup diesel generators
70 70 Advanced Reactors Generation III+ reactors have more safety systems that are driven by natural forces like gravity and natural convection. Less susceptible to interruptions in offsite power and less reliant on backup diesel generators Small Modular Reactors Generation IV reactors use alternative coolants such as helium, liquid metals, or molten salts. Operate at higher temperatures and offer improved efficiency Stronger passive safety features which rely on natural forces Enable alternative fuel cycles
71 Progress in China January 29 Photo
72 Progress in USA VC Summer & Vogtle
73 73 Nuclear Energy 101 Questions?
74 74 Nuclear Energy 101 Questions?
75 75 Nuclear Energy 101 Questions?
76 76
77 77 Additional Slides
78 78 The Whiffle Ball Power Plant 2012 ANS Teacher Workshop - Chicago, IL
79 10 signs that students can wear around their neck to identify which component they represent (boiler, steam pipe, turbine, generator, condenser, inlet pump, reactor, steam generator, hot water pipe, feed water pump) 79 Materials Required 30 balls in three colors red, white and blue are relatively easy to find at sporting goods stores you can also by foam pool noodles and cut them into small pieces 3 bags (preferably reusable bags) Pinwheel Flashlight (the hand crank kind work great!) Paper towel tube 2012 ANS Teacher Workshop - Chicago, IL
80 80 ACT 1 Fossil Fueled Provide one sign to each of 6 volunteers (boiler, steam pipe, turbine, generator, condenser, inlet pump). As you arrange the components as they would be placed in a plant schematic, ask each volunteer what sound they think the component they represent would make. Provide a bag of white balls to the boiler, a bag of blue balls to the condenser, the pinwheel to the turbine and the flashlight to the generator. Instruct the volunteers to simulate a boiler s operation by passing water (blue balls) from the condenser to the pump, and from the pump to the boiler. The boiler converts the water (blue balls) to steam (white balls) and passes the steam to the steam line. The steam line passes the steam (white balls) to the turbine, who must make the pinwheel spin and pass the steam (white balls) to the condenser where it is converted back to water (blue balls). Whenever the turbine turns, the generator should provide electricity to the flashlight and light the lamp. Start the demonstration by igniting the fossil fuel (tough the boiler) and continue until all balls have been converted from blue to white. Be sure to remind the volunteers to make the sounds their components would make during the demo. If possible, playing background music that accelerates in tempo during the demonstration increases the entertainment value for those in the audience ANS Teacher Workshop - Chicago, IL
81 81 Steam Line Turbine Generator Boiler Pump Condenser The Whiffle Ball Power Plant Act 1- Fossil Fueled 2012 ANS Teacher Workshop - Chicago, IL
82 82 The Whiffle Ball Power Plant Act 1- Fossil Fueled 2012 ANS Teacher Workshop - Chicago, IL
83 83 What changes if we use uranium instead of coal? The Whiffle Ball Reactor Act 2- Boiling Water Reactor 2012 ANS Teacher Workshop - Chicago, IL
84 84 Steam Line Turbine Generator Reactor Pump Condenser The Whiffle Ball Reactor Act 2- Boiling Water Reactor 2012 ANS Teacher Workshop - Chicago, IL
85 85 Steam Line Turbine Generator Reactor Pump Condenser The Whiffle Ball Reactor Act 2- Boiling Water Reactor 2012 ANS Teacher Workshop - Chicago, IL
86 86 The Whiffle Ball Reactor Act 2 Boiling Water Reactor 2012 ANS Teacher Workshop - Chicago, IL
87 87 What changes if we build a PWR instead? The Whiffle Ball Reactor Act 3- Pressurized Water Reactor 2012 ANS Teacher Workshop - Chicago, IL
88 88 Steam Line Turbine Generator Reactor Pump Condenser The Whiffle Ball Reactor Act 3 Pressurized Water Reactor 2012 ANS Teacher Workshop - Chicago, IL
89 89 Steam Line Steam Line Turbine Generator Reactor Steam Generator Pump Pump Condenser The Whiffle Ball Reactor Act 3 Pressurized Water Reactor 2012 ANS Teacher Workshop - Chicago, IL
90 90 The Whiffle Ball Reactor Act 3 Pressurized Water Reactor 2012 ANS Teacher Workshop - Chicago, IL
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