Q1. Ammonium nitrate is an important chemical. The diagram shows the main stages in the manufacture of ammonium nitrate.
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1 Q1. Ammonium nitrate is an important chemical. The diagram shows the main stages in the manufacture of ammonium nitrate. Study the diagram and then answer the question. (a) What is the purpose of the iron in reactor 1? Explain why the best yield of ammonia at equilibrium is obtained: (i) at low temperature at high pressure. (c) The temperature used in reactor 1 is 450 C. Explain why a much lower temperature is not used. Page 1 of 17
2 (d) A mixture of ammonia, nitrogen and hydrogen leaves reactor 1. In the separator, what is done to the mixture to separate the ammonia from the other gases? (Total 5 marks) ## Ammonia is manufactured by the Haber Process, where nitrogen and hydrogen react together as follows: N + 3H NH 3 The reaction is reversible. A balance is eventually reached when ammonia is being formed at the same rate at which it is decomposing. This point is called equilibrium. PERCENTAGE OF AMMONIA AT EQUILIBRIUM PRESSURE (ATM) 100 C 300 C 500 C , (a) (i) What is meant by a reversible reaction? Which substances are present in the mixture at equilibrium? (i) Under what conditions shown in the table is the maximum yield of ammonia obtained? () Page of 17
3 NO + O NO The Haber Process is usually carried out at a higher temperature than that which would produce the maximum yield. Suggest why. () (c) Ammonia can be converted into nitric acid in three stages: Stage 1 Ammonia reacts with oxygen from the air to form nitrogen monoxide and water 4NH 3 + 5O 4NO + 6H O Stage Stage 3 On cooling, nitrogen monoxide reacts with oxygen from the air to form nitrogen dioxide. Nitrogen dioxide reacts with water to form nitric acid and nitrogen monoxide. (i) Describe the conditions under which the reaction in Stage 1 takes place. (3) Balance the equation for the reaction at Stage. (iii) Balance the equation for the reaction at Stage 3. NO + H O HNO 3 + NO (d) The chemical plant for manufacturing ammonia is often on the same site as plants manufacturing nitric acid and fertilisers. (i) What advantages will this have for the manufacturing company? () Page 3 of 17
4 Briefly describe two important ways in which it is possible to reduce the environmental impact of such plants on the surrounding area () (Total 15 marks) Q3. Ammonia is manufactured from nitrogen and hydrogen in the Haber Process. The diagram shows some details of the manufacturing process. (a) Nitrogen is obtained from the air. From where is the hydrogen obtained? What happens to the unreacted nitrogen and hydrogen? (c) Ammonium nitrate is made from ammonia. Farmers spread nitrates on to soil to make crops grow better. The nitrates may get into people s bodies even if they do not eat the crops. Explain how this can happen. () (Total 4 marks) Page 4 of 17
5 Q4. Ammonia is used in the production of fertilisers. The flow diagram shows the main stages in the manufacture of ammonia. Study the flow diagram and then answer the questions. (a) What is the purpose of the iron in the reactor? In the reactor the equation to produce ammonia is: N (g) + 3H (g) NH 3 (g) (i) The equation shows that the reaction is reversible. Explain how the reaction reaches an equilibrium. Page 5 of 17
6 The best yield of ammonia at equilibrium is produced at a low temperature. Explain why. () (iii) The best yield of ammonia at equilibrium is produced at a high pressure. Explain why. (Total 5 marks) Q5. The monomer chloroethene is made from ethene in a two-stage process, (a) The first stage is to convert ethene to 1,-dichloroethane. C H 4 (g) + 4HC1(g) + O (g) C H 4 Cl (g) + H O(g) ethene 1,-dichloroethane State and explain the effect of increasing the pressure on: (i) the yield of 1,-dichloroethane; () the rate of reaction. () Page 6 of 17
7 In the second stage 1,-dichloroethane is converted into chloroethene. C H 4 C1 C H 3 C1 + HCl This reaction is a thermal decomposition. Suggest what would need to be done to decompose 1,-dichloroethane... (Total 5 marks) Q6. The Haber process is used to make ammonia (NH 3 ) which is an important substance. The equation below shows the reaction in which ammonia is formed. N (g) + 3H (g) NH 3 (g) + Heat The graph below shows how temperature and pressure affect how much ammonia is produced in the reaction. In the industrial process a mixture of nitrogen and hydrogen is passed over iron at a temperature of about 450 C and 00 atmospheres pressure. Page 7 of 17
8 (a) Use the graph to find the percentage of ammonia present when the temperature and pressure are 450 C and 00 atmospheres.... % () Explain why the nitrogen and hydrogen mixture is passed over iron. () (c) Explain, as fully as you can, using the graph and your knowledge of the Haber process why 450 C and 00 atmospheres were chosen as conditions for this process. (8) (Total 1 marks) Q7. Ammonia is manufactured from nitrogen and hydrogen in the Haber Process. The diagram shows some details of the manufacturing process. (a) Nitrogen is obtained from the air. From where is the hydrogen obtained? What happens to the unreacted nitrogen and hydrogen? Page 8 of 17
9 (c) Ammonium nitrate is made from ammonia. Farmers spread nitrates on to soil to make crops grow better. The nitrates may get into people s bodies even if they do not eat the crops. Explain how this can happen. () (d) The equation for the Haber Process is this: N + 3H NH 3 At equilibrium, nitrogen, hydrogen and ammonia are present in the reactor. (i) What is meant by equilibrium? Explain, as fully as you can, why: the yield of ammonia decreases with increase in temperature, despite this fact, a comparatively high temperature of 4500C is used for the industrial process, iron powder is added to the reactor. (4) (Total 9 marks) Page 9 of 17
10 Q8. Ammonia is manufactured from nitrogen and hydrogen. The reaction is shown in the equation below. The diagram shows some details of the manufacturing process. The graph shows the percentage of reacting gases converted into ammonia at different temperatures and pressures. At room temperature and pressure, the reaction is very slow and only a small percentage of the reacting gases is converted to ammonia. Use the information on the diagram and graph to: Page 10 of 17
11 (a) describe the conditions used in the manufacture of ammonia to increase the rate of reaction. (4) describe and explain the conditions used in the manufacture of ammonia to increase the yield. (7) (Total 11 marks) Page 11 of 17
12 Q9. The structures shown are of the first two members of a homologous series of organic compounds. Methanol Ethanol (a) (i) Complete the diagram for propanol, the next member of the homologous series. C C C Propanol Which one of the statements about ethanol is correct? Tick ( ) one box. Statement Tick ( ) Ethanol dissolves in water to form a neutral solution. Ethanol reacts with sodium to produce chlorine. Ethanol does not burn in air. Ethanoic acid (CH 3 COOH) can be produced from ethanol (CH 3 CH OH). (i) What type of reaction happens when ethanoic acid is produced from ethanol? State one use of ethanoic acid. (Total 4 marks) Page 1 of 17
13 Q10. The structures shown are of the first three members of a homologous series of alcohols. (a) (i) Draw a ring around the correct general formula for alcohols. C n H n+1 OH C n H n+1 OH C n H n+ OH What is the formula of the functional group for alcohols? Ethanol is the alcohol used in alcoholic drinks. (i) When ethanol dissolves in water the solution formed is not alkaline. Tick ( ) the reason why the solution formed is not alkaline. Reason Tick ( ) Ethanol can be used as a solvent. Ethanol dissolves in water to form hydroxide ions. Ethanol has only covalent bonds in its molecule. Ethanol is used as a fuel because ethanol burns in oxygen. Complete and balance the chemical equation for this reaction. C H 5 OH +...O CO +... () (c) Ethanol can be oxidised to produce the compound shown. Page 13 of 17
14 (i) Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence. acidic. When this compound dissolves in water, the solution formed is alkaline. neutral. Ethanol reacts with this compound to produce the organic compound shown. C H 5 OH + CH 3 COOH CH 3 COOC H 5 + H O Complete the sentence. The type of organic compound produced is.... (Total 7 marks) Q11. (a) This label has been taken from a bottle of vinegar. Vinegar is used for seasoning foods. It is a solution of ethanoic acid in water. In an experiment, it was found that the ethanoic acid present in a cm 3 sample of vinegar was neutralised by cm 3 of sodium hydroxide solution, of concentration 0.0 moles per cubic decimetre (moles per litre). The equation which represents this reaction is CH 3 COOH + NaOH CH 3 COONa + H O Calculate the concentration of the ethanoic acid in this vinegar: Page 14 of 17
15 (i) in moles per cubic decimetre (moles per litre); Concentration =... moles per cubic decimetre () in grams per cubic decimetre (grams per litre). Relative atomic masses: H = 1; C = 1; O = 16. Concentration =... grams per cubic decimetre () The flow diagram shows some reactions of ethanoic acid. Give the name of: (i) gas A,. alkali B,. Page 15 of 17
16 (iii) ester C,. (iv) catalyst D,. (v) carboxylic acid salt E.. (Total 9 marks) Page 16 of 17
17 Page 17 of 17
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