01-Energy Sources. ECEGR 452 Renewable Energy Systems
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1 01-Energy Sources ECEGR 452 Renewable Energy Systems
2 Energy Flows Renewable Energy Harnessing Energy Fossil Fuels Nuclear Energy Overview Dr. Louie 2
3 Energy Flows (U.S Data) Quadrillion BTU Source: Dr. Louie 3
4 Dr. Henry Louie 4
5 Dr. Louie 5
6 Energy Flows (U.S.) Dr. Louie 6
7 Energy Flows (U.S.) 2011: 3,726 TWh (terawatthours) of electrical energy consumed Snapshot statistic What are the trends? Dr. Louie 7
8 Power Plant Capacity Additions by Year Coal: most built before 1980 Nuclear: built between 1960s-1990 Wind: 2000-present Hydro: pre-1930 to mid 1980s Natural Gas: sporadic Dr. Louie 8
9 Renewable Energy 13% of U.S. electricity is from renewable sources Which of these sources of energy would you consider to be renewable? Wind Solar Coal Natural Gas Tidal Wave Geothermal Hydro Biomass Hydrogen Oil Dr. Louie 9
10 Renewable Energy What is your definition of Renewable Energy? Why is solar energy considered renewable but energy derived from burning coal is not? Dr. Louie 10
11 Renewable Energy Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another There is no such thing as renewable energy Renewable Energy is a bit of a misnomer Dr. Louie 11
12 Renewable Energy A better way of defining renewable energy is with respect to the timescale considered (e.g years or 1,000,000 years) Renewable energy are energy flows which are replenished at the same (or greater) rate than they are used over the timescale considered Dr. Louie 12
13 Renewable Energy Coal could be considered renewable if we used it at the rate at which is formed Solar energy is considered renewable because the sun will supply energy throughout the timescale considered Dr. Louie 13
14 Renewable Energy What we commonly consider renewable resources come from only three origins Solar Radiation Heat from the Earth Gravity Dr. Louie 14
15 Solar Radiation The Sun s solar radiation is responsible for: Solar Biomass (photosynthesis) Hydro (evaporation) Wind (uneven heating of the atmosphere) Wave (a result of wind) Dr. Louie 15
16 Solar Radiation Sun provides 5.4 YJ/yr (yotta joules: 1 x J) to Earth s atmosphere Approx 30% is deflected back into space Remaining 3.8 YJ is approximately 10,000 times the amount of energy used by fossil and nuclear fuels per year Dr. Louie 16
17 Solar Radiation Solar radiation also drives wind, waves and photosynthesis Wind and waves: ZJ/yr (zetta joule: 1 x10 21 J) Photosynthesis: 1.26 ZJ/yr Dr. Louie 17
18 Heat from the Earth Interior of the Earth is at a high temperature Causes: Decay of radioactive material Residual heat from the formation of the Earth Note: scientists knowledge of the core of the Earth is limited Dr. Louie 18
19 Heat from the Earth We can only harness the heat that makes it way to the crust (5-50 km depth) Approximately 4 ZJ of energy stored as water or steam at depths of 10km Pockets of heat can be used to drive steam turbines in geothermal plants Dr. Louie 19
20 Potential energy Gravity Gravity from the moon and Sun cause tides (mostly the moon) Approx EJ/yr (exajoule: 1 x J) Gradual slowing down of the Earth (not on any appreciable timescale) Tidal action can be harnessed by tidal generators Dr. Louie 20
21 Harnessing Renewable Energy Enough renewable energy available to more than fulfill mankind s energy appetite How well are we doing at harnessing it? Dr. Louie 21
22 Harnessing Renewable Energy (U.S.) 13% Dr. Louie 22
23 Harnessing Renewable Energy Note: Tidal, wave and others are not utilized on any appreciable scale Dr. Louie 23
24 MWh Harnessing Renewable Energy (U.S) 350,000,000 Dependent on amount of snow/rain each year Renewable Energy Trends 300,000, ,000, ,000, ,000, ,000,000 Biomass Geothermal Hydro Solar/PV Wind 50,000, year Dr. Louie 24
25 Fossil Fuels >80% of energy in the U.S. is from fossil fuels Dr. Louie 25
26 Fossil Fuels Fossil Fuels: coal, oil, natural gas Contain hydrocarbons and are found in the Earth s crust Formed under very specific conditions temperature pressure oxygen level time Hydrocarbons => organic matter Dr. Louie 26
27 Fossil Fuels Energy in fossil fuels originates from the sun Photosynthesis stores energy from the sun in organic matter CO 2 and water form sugar and oxygen using energy from the sun 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O (+ light) C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 Dr. Louie 27
28 A Few Notes Since CO 2 is absorbed from the atmosphere, plant matter act as carbon sinks Burning fossil fuels releases CO 2 that was previously in the atmosphere (it does not create carbon) Oxygen produced by approximately 1 tree offsets the oxygen used by each person Dr. Louie 28
29 Fossil Fuels Fossil fuels can be thought of as stored solar energy Mankind s Energy Trust or Energy Inheritance 42% of electricity comes from coal-fired power plants 25% of electricity comes from natural gas-fired power plants <1% of electricity comes from oil-fired power plants Dr. Louie 29
30 Coal Coal formation begins with peat Peat: collection of decayed plants and plants parts (bark, roots) Over time, peat becomes buried with sediment Sediment compresses the peat resulting in heating drying (water is compressed out) Dr. Louie 30
31 Coal +1 million years later: complex hydrocarbons break down into simpler ones Hydrocarbons with low carbon/hydrogen ratios (methane) escape to the surface Remaining hydrocarbons are carbon rich Types of coal (descending heating value): Anthracite Bituminous Subbituminous Lignite Dr. Louie 31
32 source: H. Louie,
33 Coal Most of the organic matter was deposited during the aptly named Carboniferous Period 354 to 290 million years ago Earth was hot, humid and swamp-like Dr. Louie 33
34 The Field Museum, GEO85637c. Dr. Louie 34
35 Coal US: approximately 25% of the world s supply of coal Coal is found in 26 states Demonstrated Reserve Base: 488 billion short tons (2000 lbs) in % Anthracite 53% Bituminous Consumption is around 1.2 billion short tons per year Dr. Louie 35
36 Coal Coal production in 2008 (change from 2007) Source: Energy Information Administration, Quarterly Coal Report, October-December 2008, DOE/EIA-0121(2008/Q4) (Washington, DC, April 2009). Dr. Louie 36
37 Oil Originated as marine life (algae) Dead matter sinks to the oxygen deprived bottom of oceans, seas, rivers, etc Over time it is buried and heats up Dr. Louie 37
38 Oil Between 7,500 and 15,000 ft (much deeper than for coal) the temperature is sufficient for oil formation 180 o F (a hot cup of coffee) Requires 10,000 1,000,000 years Very specific geological features are needed to prevent the oil from seeping to the surface Dr. Louie 38
39 Oil Remaining Hydrocarbons are of the form: C n H 2n+2 where n is the number of carbon atoms Gasoline: n is between 5 and 12 Diesel: n is 16 or more Gasoline and Diesel often contain nonhydrocarbons (e.g. sulfur) Dr. Louie 39
40 Natural Gas Natural gas is primarily methane CH 4 Produced by the same process of oil but at temperatures that occur at greater than 15,000 ft All carbon bonds are broken Dr. Louie 40
41 Natural Gas (U.S.) Approx. 2.2 trillion cubic feet recoverable 2010: 90% of natural gas consumed was produced domestically Uses: Heating Electrical generation Plastics Fertilizer Dr. Louie 41
42 Natural Gas Large price drop Dr. Louie 42
43 Shale Gas Dr. Louie 43
44 Dr. Louie 44
45 Effect of Fuel Price on Capacity Additions Dr. Louie 45
46 Energy Content Specific Energy Density: energy content in 1 kg (MJ/kg) Approximate ranges: Coal (Anthracite): ~30 MJ/kg Coal (Lignite): ~<20 MJ/kg Oil (Diesel): ~45 MJ/kg Oil (Gasoline): ~45 MJ/kg Natural Gas: MJ/kg For comparison: Fats: ~40 MJ/kg Dr. Louie 46
47 Nuclear Power 19% of electricity generated in the U.S. is from nuclear reactions Fission (splitting atoms), not fusion (combining atoms) 103 plants in operation (U.S.) Last nuclear reactor in the U.S.: 1996 Feb. 2012: NRC approved new nuclear plant Dr. Louie 47
48 Nuclear Power Combine slow moving neutron with U 235 Quickly decaying (unstable) U 236 isotope Various fission products + 2 or 3 neutrons + energy Examples: Ba Kr n + energy Xe Sr n + energy Dr. Louie 48
49 Nuclear Power Nuclear reactions based on: E = mc 2 ~0.1 percent of Uranium nucleus mass converted to energy From each fission: Kinetic energy of daughter nuclei (~165 MeV) Kinetic energy of neutrons (~6 MeV) Gamma rays (~7MeV) Rest: (~22 MeV) Compare to chemical oxidation: few ev per event 1 MeV (million electron volts) = x joules Dr. Louie 49
50 Questions What is the relationship between natural gas prices and renewable energy expansion? What are the implications if the U.S. stopped using coal cold turkey? What do you think of recent plans to build new nuclear power plants in the U.S.? Dr. Louie 50
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