Environmental Science

Transcription

1 Name: Hour: Date: Environmental Science Chapter 6: Biomes Section 1: What is a Biome? Section 2: Forest Biomes (Rainforest, Temperate, Coniferous) Section 3: Grassland, Desert, & Tundra Biomes

2 Chapter 6 Targets 1. I can describe how determine the name of a biome. 2. Using a world map, I can identify general locations of the world s. 3. I can define and explain how temperature and precipitation determine which grow in an area. 4. I can explain how and affect which grow in an area.

3 Section 1: What is a biome? Biomes & Vegetation Biomes: large regions characterized by a specific and certain communities. Each biome is made up of many individual ecosystems. Biomes are described by their. growing in an area determine other organisms that can live there. Plants in a particular biome have characteristics, specialized structures, or that allow the plants to survive in that biome. Adaptations include size, shape, and color. For example, tundra plants tend to be short because they don t get enough water to grow larger. T1

4 The World s Major Terrestrial ( ) Biomes T2

5 Biomes and Climate Climate: average (temperature, precipitation, humidity, & winds) in area over long period of time Main factor in determining which can grow in certain area defines the biome. and are the most important factors in determining climate (see video) T3

6 Temperature and Precipitation Most organisms to live in a of and will not survive at temperatures too far above/below their range. limits organisms found in a biome. *Note: view the pyramid on the next slide T3 The bigger the animal, the more water it needs. low amounts of rainfall support communities dominated by small trees, shrubs, and grasses. (middle column) where rainfall is not frequent, vegetation is mostly cacti and shrubs. (desert) In extreme cases, lack of rainfall results in no plants, no matter what the temperature is. The higher the temperature and precipitation, the taller and denser the vegetation is. (rainforest)

7

8 Latitude and Altitude : distance north or south from (measured in degrees) : of an object above a reference point, such as sea level or the Earth s surface. Impact on climate: Climate with latitude and altitude. Climate gets as latitude and altitude increase. Why it gets colder as you move up a mountain. T4

9 Comprehension Check 1. According to the maps, which of the following determines the main characteristics of a biome? A. Geographic borders B. Latitude C. Longitude D. Distance from the ocean 2. Which of the following describes a biome? A. All the areas on Earth that are life-supporting B. Weather conditions in an area for a specific time period C. A region characterized by specific climate and organism communities D. An area where the animal population interacts with its abiotic environment

10 Comprehension Check 3. What is the diversity of the species in an area most dependent on? A. Plant life B. Rainfall C. Sunlight D. Temperature 4. What are the main factors that determine weather? A. Altitude, latitude, precipitation, temperature B. Altitude, latitude, precipitation, vegetation C. Air currents, altitude, temperature, vegetation D. Air currents, precipitation, temperature, vegetation

11 Chapter 6 Targets 5. Based on climate, I can predict where biomes are located. 6. I can list three characteristics of and identify their location on a world map. 7. I can name and describe the of a tropical rain forest. 8. I can name the main to rain forests and the of rain forest. 9. I can list three characteristics of and identify their location on a world map.

12 Section 2: Forest Biomes Of all biomes in the world, widespread and diverse. T 5 are most Large trees need a lot of are found where temperatures are is plenty., so forests and 3 main forest biomes of the world: 1. Rain Forests 2. Forests A. Temperate Rain Forests B. Temperate Deciduous 3. Forests A. Taiga

13 Forests or jungles near Tropical Rain Forests T 6 Characterized by: 1. large amounts of 2. little variation in temperature 3. contain greatest known of organisms on Earth 4. humid, warm, and get strong sunlight year round Help and play vital roles in nitrogen, oxygen, & carbon cycles.

14 Nutrients in Tropical Rain Forests T 7 Most nutrients are in plants, Decomposers on forest floor break down dead organisms and return nutrients to soil, plants quickly absorb the nutrients Nutrients from dead organic matter are removed so efficiently that runoff from rain forests is often as pure as distilled water Most tropical soils cleared for agriculture lack nutrients and support crops for more than a few years Many trees form above-ground roots called buttresses or braces that grow sideways from tree to provide extra in the thin soil

15 Layers of the Rain Forest In tropical rain forests, different types of plants grow in different layers. 4 main layers of the rain forest: 1. The Layer 2. The Canopy 3. The Canopy 4. The T 7

16 Layers of the Rain Forest layer: top leaf layer where trees extend above everything else T 7 Trees emerge into sunlight reaching heights of 60 to 70 m and can measure up to 5 m around. Animals such as eagles, bats, monkeys, and snakes live in the emergent layer.

17 Layers of the Rain Forest : layers of treetops that shade forest floor T 7 considered or primary layer of the rain forest Tall trees form dense layer that of sunlight Can be split into with lower canopy receiving less sunlight understory

18 Layers of the Rainforest : plants that use another plant for support but not for nourishment, located on high trees in canopy Growing on tall trees allows them to reach sunlight for photosynthesis, and absorb water and nutrients that run down tree after it rains Example: Orchids Most animals living in the rain forest live in the because they depend on the many flowers and fruits that grow there. T 7

19 Layers of the Rainforest : foliage layer beneath and shaded by main canopy of a forest Little light reaches this layer allowing only trees and shrubs to grow here. Most plants in understory do not grow more than 3.5 m tall. T 7

20 Threats to Rain Forests Every minute of every day, of tropical rainforest are cleared or damaged for: 1. Logging operations 2. Agriculture 3. Oil exploration 4. Exotic-pet trading T 8 An estimated 50 million native people live in tropical rain forests and are threatened by. Loss of their habitat could force them to leave their homes and move into cities. This drastic change of lifestyle may cause the native people to lose their culture and traditions.

21 Temperate Rain Forests Characterized by: 1., weather 2. abundant rainfall 3. tree branches draped with 4. tree trunks covered with 5. forest floor is covered with T 9 Found in North America, Australia, and New Zealand

22 Temperate Rain Forest Climate The temperate rain forest of Pacific Northwest maintains T 9 year round Rarely freezes because nearby Pacific Ocean waters keep temperatures mild by blowing water over forest As ocean winds meet coastal Olympic Mountains, a is produced, keeping temperature cool and moist

23 Chapter 6 Targets 10. I can list three characteristics of and identify their location on a world map. 11. I can describe one in a temperate deciduous forest and an that helps the plant survive. 12. I can list two characteristics of and identify their location on a world map. 13. I can identify unique characteristics of. 14. I can describe one that help survive in taiga.

24 Temperate Deciduous Forests T 11 Characterized by: 1. Trees leaves in the fall 2. Located between 30º and 50º latitude. 3. Range of temperatures can be, with summer temperatures soaring to 35ºC (95 o F) and winter temperatures often falling below freezing to 125 cm (29-49 inches) of annually, helps decompose dead organic matter into rich soils

25 Forest Locations T 11

26 Plants of Deciduous Forests Plants grow in layers with tall trees, such as birch, dominating canopy while shrubs cover understory (no layer) T 12 More light reaches deciduous forest floors than rain forests floors allowing to grow. Plants are to survive seasonal changes In fall and winter, trees leaves and under insulation of the soil With returning warmth in spring, trees grow and.

27 Taiga Region of evergreen, forest below arctic and subarctic tundra regions. has long and little vegetation. growing season as 50 days with most plant growth occurring during summer months because of nearly constant daylight and larger amounts of precipitation. T 13

28 Plants of the Taiga Conifers: trees that have seeds that develop in Leaves arrow shape and coating help retain water in winter Conifer s shape helps tree and not get weighed down Conifer needles contain substances that make soil when they fall, preventing plants from growing on the floor Soil forms because climate and acidity slow decomposition T 14

29 Animals of the Taiga Taiga has many and swamps attracting birds that feed on insects during the summer T 15 To avoid harsh winters, birds, while some yearround residents, such as shrews, underground for better insulation. Other animals have adapted to avoid predation by shedding brown summer fur and growing white fur that them in the snow Snowshoe Hare

30 Comprehension Check 5. What type of forest has the greatest biodiversity? A. Taiga forest B. Temperate deciduous forest C. Temperate rain forest D. Tropical rain forest

31 Chapter 6 Targets 15. I can describe the climate and locations of. 16. I can describe of savanna plants and animals. 17. I can describe the climate and locations of. 18. I can explain why is important to grassland and savanna biomes 19. I can describe of temperate grassland plants and animals. 20. I can describe how have destroyed temperate grasslands.

32 Savannas full of grasses, scattered trees and shrubs Found in tropical and subtropical habitats Mainly in regions with Africa and western India climate, such as East T 16 Receive precipitation throughout year, yet have wet and dry seasons Many animals only active during season Grass fires help to soil during dry season

33 Plants of the Savanna Most rain falls only during wet season, plants must be able to survive prolonged periods water 1. Some plants have large root systems to help them survive dry season. These roots also enable the plant to grow quickly after fire. 2. Grasses have vertical leaves that expose less surface area to conserve water, while some trees shed their leaves. 3. Almost all have for protection from herbivores. T 17

34 Animals of the Savanna 1. Grazing herbivores, like elephants, have adopted ways of life, following rains to areas of new grass and fresh watering holes. T Many savanna animals give only during season, when food is abundant and young are more likely to survive. 3. Some species of herbivores reduce competition for food by eating vegetation at different than other species do.

35 Temperate grasslands: Dominated by grasses, trees Temperate Grasslands T 18 Hot summers and cold winters Amount of rainfall is that of a forest and a desert Most soil of any biome Few natural temperate grasslands remain because most have been replaced by grazing areas and farms growing crops such as corn, soybeans, and wheat

36 Temperate Grasslands Located on interiors of continents where falls for trees to grow often play a crucial role in maintaining grasslands as rain clouds from west are blocked However, rainfall does increase as you move eastward, allowing taller grasses to grow. Heavy precipitation is rare in grasslands, allowing hot temperatures in summer to make them susceptible to T 18/19

37 Classifying U.S. Grassland Types T 18 U.S. grasslands (prairies) classified by examining 2 things: 1. Annual 2. Type: MESIC: dark black soil, rich in nutrients»drains well, yet retains some water LOESS: glacier dust»mineral particles mixed with clay DOLOMITE: near fens»high ph»formed from calcium carbonate (limestone) that has been worn down

38 Plants of Temperate Grasslands T Root system of prairie grasses forms dense layers that, allowing plants to come back from year to year 2. trees survive on grasslands because lack of rainfall, frequent fire, and the constant winds 3. Amount of in the area determines types (varying root depth and grass height) of plants that will grow in that area

39 Animals of Temperate Grasslands T Some animals, such as bison and pronghorn antelope, have large, for chewing the coarse prairie grasses. 2. Other grasslands animals, such as prairie dogs, owls, and badgers, live protected in underground that protect them from predators on the open grasslands.

40 Threats to Temperate Grasslands and have changed grasslands Grain crops cannot hold soil in place as well as native grasses because the crop roots are shallow, soil eventually occurs Constant use can change fruitful grasslands into -like biomes T 21

41 Chapter 6 Targets 21. I can describe the climate and locations of the biome. 22.I can describe of chaparral plants and animals. 23. I can describe the climate and locations of biomes 24. I can name two desert, and describe the that help them survive. 25. I can describe the climate and location of the biome. 26. I can name two tundra, and describe the that help them survive. 27. I can describe one to the tundra biome.

42 T 22 Chaparral Chaparral temperate biome plants are broad-leaved evergreen located in areas with hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters Located in, about north and south of the equator. Primarily in coastal areas with Mediterranean climates.

43 Plants of the Chaparral T 23 Most are, evergreen shrubs Some small trees grow in dense patches Include chamise, manzanita, scrub oak, and herbs like sage and bay. Have small, leathery leaves that contain oils to promote burning, allowing natural fires to destroy trees. Well adapted to fire and can from small bits of surviving plant tissue.

44 Animals of the Chaparral T 23 Common adaptation is, shape or coloring allowing animals to blend into environment Quail, lizards, chipmunks, and mule deer have a coloring that lets them move through the brush without being noticed.

45 What is a Desert Like? Land of : extreme heat and extreme dryness; sudden flash floods and cold nights. Very, often have names likes "Death Valley," "the empty quarter," and "the place from where there is no return." T 24. Even wettest deserts get less than ten inches of precipitation a year.

46 Hot During the Day, Cool at Night During day many deserts are very. Temperatures in excess of 100 o F are common. Yet at night, temperatures fall into the 40s or 50s? Why? Other biomes insulated by humidity. At night water acts like a blanket, trapping heat inside the biome Deserts have only 10-20% temperatures. to trap Have few trees and other plants to retain heat T 24 Deserts cool down rapidly when sun sets heat up quickly after sun rises

47 Where Are Deserts Located? Many are found in along 30 o north and 30 o south of the equator* (called the desert belt) *between red lines on the map T 24

48 Why do desert belts form? T 24 As warm air rises over equator rises, it cools and loses moisture As it falls (north and south of the equator), it and, drying out the land This downward movement of warm air masses over the earth has produced two belts of deserts

49 The Rain Shadow Effect Deserts near mountains are caused by "rain shadow" effect As air moves and When air moves mountain, it gets. Warm air can hold more moisture, so it rain as much, and a desert is formed. over mountains, it gets -- causing rain or snow the other side of the T 24

50 Deserts of North America NOTE: deserts in North America are influenced by the rain shadow effect T 24

51 Desert Plant Adaptations Plants adapt to dryness by reducing rates of evapotranspiration: 1. leaves (spines) 2. waxy coating on leaves and stems 3. store water in fleshy parts ( ) 4. large, root systems absorb water quickly or- deep taproots T and produce flowers/seeds in the few days when water is available 6. seeds in some can remain for over 50 years

52 Desert Animal Adaptations Usually (ex. Jackrabbits, snakes, and kangaroo rats) Adapted to : 1. get water from their own respiration 2. excrete concentrated urine 3. camel s hump? Camel's Hump Video Adapted to survive in temperature : 1. Nocturnal 2. Burrow 3. Estivate: lower metabolic rate T 25

53 Tundra Tundra: plain located in Arctic or Antarctic, characterized by: Very winter temperatures, cool summers Plants are grasses, lichens, and perennial herbs. During short summers, only the few centimeters of soil thaw. Permafrost: the permanently frozen layer of soil or subsoil found in tundra regions. T 26

54 Plants of the Tundra T 27 cover vast areas of rocks in the tundra (why would these be able to grow here?) Other plants have them against icy winds in the thin soil to help anchor Most flowering plants are, this keeps them out of the wind and helps them absorb heat from the sunlit soil Woody plants and perennials have evolved dwarf forms that grow along the ground

55 Other year-round residents, such as arctic foxes, lose brown summer coat for white fur to them with the snow Animals of the Tundra birds fly to tundra to breed in summer when food is abundant. Caribou throughout tundra in search of food and water. Predators such as wolves prey on migratory caribou, deer, and moose. T 27 Rodents stay active, but to avoid the cold. Only tundra animal to ground squirrel under the snow is arctic

56 Threats to the Tundra One of the most fragile biomes on planet. Food chains are and easily disrupted. When was located in parts of tundra, oil exploration, extraction, and transport disrupted many tundra habitats caused by spills or leaks of oil and other toxic materials may also poison food and water sources in tundra T 28