Finnish Environmental Perspectives Marjukka Dyer TAMK
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1 Finnish Environmental Perspectives Marjukka Dyer TAMK
2 Current Key Challenges Climate - Green house gases Water - Eutrofication, blue green alga, waste water treatment in urban areas, The Baltic Sea problems Waste - Incineration and/or fermenting to biogas? Waste separation practises, Mining waste! Soil - Remediation of contaminated soils Promoting sustainable consumption and production, LCA thinking and EMS procedures
3 Recent Developments Global trends of Green House Gases in the atmospehere: (WMO 11/2011) Since 1750 CO2 raise 39% until 2010 N2O % CH % Yearly normal raise in CO2 1,5 ppm In ,3 ppm
4 Climate Change According to the citizens, climate change is best restricted by cutting down energy use Assessing the adaptive capacity of the Finnish environment and society under a changing climate (FINADAPT ) Kyoto agreement In Cancun., Mexico at UN Climate Change Meeting in 2010 Finland committed itself to fast-start climate financing according to the joint agreement made in the Copenhagen meeting in 2009 by developed countries to provide fast-start financing to developing countries, with an amount approaching USD 30 billion for the period of At Rio + 20, Brasil, June 2012 only small improvements took place
5 The temperature in Finland is expected to rise even more than the world's average. The Finnish climate has warmed by about 0.7 C during the 20th century and new scenarios indicate that a mean annual warming of between 3 C and 7 C in combination with increased annual precipitation of 13% to 26% can be expected by year n
6 Rio + 20, June 2012 We acknowledge that climate change is a cross-cutting and persistent crisis and express our concern that the scale and gravity of the negative impacts of climate change affect all countries and undermine the ability of all countries in particular, developing countries, to achieve sustainable development and the MDGs and threaten the viability and survival of nations. Paragraph 25 We recognize that improving energy efficiency, increasing the share of renewable energy, cleaner and energy-efficient technologies are important for sustainable development, including in addressing climate change. We also recognize the need for energy efficiency measures in urban planning, buildings, and transportation, and in the production of goods and services and in the design of products. We also recognize the importance of promoting incentives in favour of, and removing disincentives to, energy efficiency and the diversification of the energy mix, including promoting research and development in all countries, including developing countries. Paragraph 128
7 FINADAPT a closer look The key messages of FINADAPT are summarized as follows: 1. Finland's climate is changing. 2. Changes in Finland's climate will continue and may accelerate in the future. 3. Mitigation can slow climate change but adaptation will also be needed. 4. FINADAPT has studied the adaptive capacity of the Finnish environment and society. 5. Socio-economic and environmental scenarios assuming high and low emissions have been developed for Finland. 6. The impacts of climate change are already being observed. 7. Recent extreme events are consistent with a changing climate. 8. Ecosystem services are estimated to show both adverse and beneficial effects of climate change. 9. Climate change presents risks and benefits for infrastructure and human well being. 10. There are large uncertainties in the potential costs of future climate change impacts and adaptation measures. 11. Autonomous adaptation refers to standard methods of coping with climatic variability, but may be insufficient for coping with climate change. 12. Planned adaptation, through policy decisions, will be essential to cope with increased climateinduced risks and can be cost effective if implemented before major damage occurs. 13. Some management strategies serve both adaptation and mitigation goals. 14. Awareness is vital for adapting to climate change. 15. There are many gaps in knowledge about adaptation to climate change, and research is needed to guide policy makers in selecting the most appropriate strategies for Finland.
8 Examples of actions: Energy savings in industry and public operations in every possible way, for instance MACEB project: Arctic collaborations with northen neighbors in use of black coal LAICA project: people's inventions and suggestions for everyday energy saving paractises will be collected
9 Kyoto: 8% reduction of GHGs for Finland In 2006 Finland s greenhouse gas emissions corresponded to 80.3 Mt of CO2. Finland s GHG emissions typically show quite large annual fluctuations. From1990 to 2006 the average fluctuation amounted to 5 Mt and resulted mainly from changes in the emissions of the energy sector. The energy sector emissions are, for the most part, included in the EU emissions trading scheme, which should facilitate the avoidance of a possible exceeding of the emissions targets in
10 After Kyoto DG CLIMA... * Stands for "Directorate-General for Climate Action" * Was established in February 2010 * Develops and implements international and domestic climate action policies and strategies * Leads international negotiations on climate * Implements the EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) * Monitors the implementation of Member States' emission reduction targets in the sectors outside the EU ETS * Promotes low carbon and adaptation technologies
11 To prepare for a second commitment period under the Kyoto Protocol, the EU and other Parties have to submit to the UNFCCC Secretariat by 1 May 2012 information on their Quantified Emission Limitation or Reduction Objective (QELRO). The Commission has published a Staff Working Document, which provides technical input for discussions with Member States. The EU Climate and Energy Package legislation implements a 20% greenhouse gas emissions reduction target (compared to 1990) for the period However, the Package is different in its scope, coverage of sectors and base year vis-à-vis
12 Combating continues Given the necessity to keep global average temperature increase below 2 degrees Celsius compared to pre-industrial levels, DG CLIMA develops and implements cost effective international and domestic climate change policies and strategies in order for the EU to meet its targets for 2020 and beyond, especially with regard to reducing its greenhouse gas emissions. Its policies also aim at protecting the ozone layer and at ensuring that the climate dimension is appropriately present in all Community policies and that adaptation measures will reduce the European Union's vulnerability to the impacts of climate change.
13 " DG CLIMA = Directorate- General for Climate Action * Was established in February 2010 * Develops and implements international and domestic climate action policies and strategies * Leads international negotiations on climate * Implements the EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) * Monitors the implementation of Member States' emission reduction targets in the sectors outside the EU ETS * Promotes low carbon and adaptation technologies
14 New technologies, especially for energy production New technology development is essential to enable us to meet our EU and global climate change objectives, but is also a major contributor towards the EU's innovation, jobs and growth agenda. Europe has the know-how, the ability and the ambition to lead the world in developing the technologies required to tackle climate change.
15 Strategic objectives To stabilize atmospheric greenhouse gases at a level preventing harmful changes and enabling adaptation. To provide a viable, energy-efficient built environment that serves as a foundation for improving human well-being. To ensure that housing conditions meet people s needs and to secure a wellfunctioning housing market.
16 continues. T o safeguard biodiversity and scenic values, while ensuring well-functioning ecosystem services and sustainable natural resources. At a minimum, to achieve a good ecological status for the Baltic Sea, surface waters and groundwater bodies. To ensure the identification and management of environmental risks. To bring about a fundamental improvement in the material and energy efficiency of production and consumption
17 Cultural and Historical Perspectives Closeness to nature Late urbanisation Law abiding nation Obidience to the authority Private public interests
18 Environmental Liability 1920 Neighbour Law 1923 Nature Law, renewed Act on Water 1978 Waste Act, renewed Clean Air Act 1987 Noise Act 1993 Chemical Act 1994 Act of Environmental Impact Assesment
19 Environmental Liability cont Act on Compensation for Environmental Damage - on the source-, product-or qualityorientated approach Since 1995 Finland is a member of the EU and liable to EU Environmental Legislation
20 Environmental Protection 2000 Act on Environmental Protection dealing with issues on air, noise, env.permits, water, waste, health, etc. The act is closely connected to EU IPPC policy
21 Environmental Protection Act (86/2000). The Environmental Protection Act implements the European Union directive on Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC), which obliges EU member states to integrate the control of emissions caused by industry. The stipulations on environmental protection are combined in the Environmental Protection Act. It is a general act on the prevention of pollution, which is applied to all activities that cause or may cause environmental damage. The principles of the Environmental Protection Act are: - the prevention or reduction of harmful impacts (principle of preventing and minimizing harmful impact), - the exercise of proper care and caution to prevent pollution (principle of caution and care), - the use of the best available technique (BAT principle), - the use of best practices to prevent pollution (principle of environmentally best use), - parties engaged in activities that pose a risk of pollution have a duty to prevent or minimize harmful impacts (polluter-pays principle).
22 MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT Minister Ville Niinistö Department of the Natural Environment - Biodiversity - Sustainable Use of Natural Resources - Water Protection and Environmental Impact Assessment - Marine Protection Environmental Protection Department - Integrated Environmental Protection - Climate Change - Environmental Risks - Sustainable Materials Economy Department of the Built Environment - Land Use - Communities - Housing - Living Environment - Construction Development Units for Administration, International and EU-Affairs and Communications
23 Finnish Environment Institute ( SYKE) Produces and complies environmental data Develops new ways - to protect air, water, soil - to improve waste and its management - to improve supervision of chemicals =en
24 Regional State Administrative Agencies ( ) 15 regional centres for - economic development, - transportation and - the environment (ELY-centres) ( earlier 13 centres)
25 Municipalities Promote and supervise environmental protection on the local scale Issue environmental permits for smaller plants and facilities denvironment.html
26 Finland, environment and developing countries Ministry for Foreign Affairs has sponsored numerable development projects in African, Asian and Central and South America in water, waste and other env. issues Educational projects provided for 30 years mainly in water issues Examples:
27 Goals and activities Towards coherent communities, good living environments and eco-effective construction Conserving biodiversity Making more with less Versatile housing, well functioning housing markets Extensive cooperation =en
28 Towards socio-economic and sustainable future As a small country Finland can never boast with guantity, but the only way is to manage by quality providing -excellent educational possibilites -innovative ecological business atmosphere and firm social networking and SISU
29 Wish you all a happy life with a sustainable future!
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