Section 1 Acids, Bases, and ph
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1 CHAPTER OUTLINE Section 1 Acids, Bases, and ph Key Idea questions > What are the properties of acids? > What are the properties of bases? > How is ph related to the concentration of hydronium ions and hydroxide ions in solution? Acids > What are the properties of acids? > Acids taste sour, cause indicators to change color, and conduct electric current. They are also corrosive and can damage materials, including your skin. acid: any compound that increases the number of hydronium ions, H 3 O +, when dissolved in water indicator: a compound that can reversibly change color depending on conditions such as ph Strong acids ionize completely. Strong acids are electrolytes. electrolyte: a substance that dissolves in water to give a solution that conducts an electric current Weak acids do not ionize completely. Weak acids are weak electrolytes. Concentrated acids can be dangerous. Weak acids are not always safe to handle. Always swear safety goggles, gloves, and a laboratory apron when working with acids. Super Summary Chapter Outline p. 1
2 Bases > What are the properties of bases? > Bases have a bitter taste, and solutions of bases feel slippery. Solutions of bases also conduct electric current, cause indicators to change color, and can damage the skin. base: any compound that increases the number of hydroxide ions, OH, when dissolved in water Many common bases contain hydroxide ions. Strong bases are ionic compounds that contain a metal ion and a hydroxide ion. Some bases ionize in water to form hydroxide ions. Weak bases are weak electrolytes. ph > How is ph related to the concentration of hydronium ions and hydroxide ions in solution? > The ph of a solution indicates its concentration of H 3 O + ions. In solutions, the concentration of hydronium ions is related to the concentration of hydroxide ions, OH. The ph of a solution also indicates the concentration of OH ions. ph: a value that is used to express the acidity or basicity of a system A ph value corresponds to the concentration of hydronium ions. Each whole number on the scale indicates a tenfold change in acidity. A neutral solution, such as pure water, has a ph of 7. An acidic solution has a ph of less than 7. A basic solution has a ph of greater than 7. You can find ph from the concentration of a strong acid. Super Summary Chapter Outline p. 2
3 The ph is the negative of the power of 10 that is used to describe the concentration of H 3 O + ions. example: The concentration of H 3 O + of pure water is M. The ph of pure water is 7. The concentration of hydronium ions in a solution of strong acid is the same as the concentration of the acid. Small differences in ph mean large differences in acidity. example: ph of apple juice = 3, ph of coffee = 5, so apple juice is 10 2, or 100, times more acidic than coffee ph can be measured in more than one way. Electronic ph meters can measure ph more precisely than indicators can. Super Summary Chapter Outline p. 3
4 Section 2 Reactions of Acids with Bases Key Idea questions > What is a neutralization reaction? > To a chemist, what exactly is a salt? Acid-Base Reactions > What is a neutralization reaction? > A neutralization reaction is the reaction between an acid and a base. neutralization reaction: the reaction of the ions that characterize acids and the ions that characterize bases to form water molecules and a salt Neutralization is a reaction between ions. Neutralization reactions form water and a salt. salt: an ionic compound that forms when a metal atom or a positive radical replaces the hydrogen of an acid Neutral solutions are not always formed. The final ph of the solution depends on: the amounts of acid and base that are combined the strength of the acid and base Titrations are used to determine concentration. titration: the process of adding carefully measured amounts of one solution to another solution equivalence point: the point when the original amount of acid equals the original amount of base added strong acid with a strong base, equivalence point = ph 7 strong acid with a weak base, equivalence point < ph 7 strong base with a weak acid, equivalence point > ph 7 Super Summary Chapter Outline p. 4
5 Salts > To a chemist, what exactly is a salt? > To a chemist, a salt can be almost any combination of cations and anions, except hydroxides and oxides, which are bases. Salts have many uses. Salts are important in the body. Super Summary Chapter Outline p. 5
6 Section 3 Acids, Bases, and Salts in the Home Key Idea questions > Why are cleaning products added to water? > What are some household products that contain acids, bases, and salts? Cleaning Products > Why are cleaning products added to water? > Water does not mix with grease or oil. Cleaning products improve water s ability to clean because they help water mix with oily substances. Soaps allow oil and water to mix. soap: a substance that is used as a cleaner and that dissolves in water It can dissolve in both oil and in water. Soap allows oil and water to form an emulsion that can be washed away by rinsing. Detergents have replaced soap in many uses. detergent: a water-soluble cleaner that can emulsify dirt and oil Soap forms soap scum when it combines with Mg 2+, Ca 2+, and Fe 3+. Soap scum is an insoluble salt. Detergents do not form scum. The hydrocarbon chains in detergents come from petroleum products. The hydrocarbon chains in soap come from animal fats or plant oils. Many household cleaners contain ammonia. Solutions of ammonia can clean away light grease smears. Super Summary Chapter Outline p. 6
7 Bleach can eliminate stains. bleach: a chemical compound used to whiten or make lighter Household bleach is a solution of a strong base, sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). Bleach changes substances to colorless forms. Bleach is also a strong disinfectant. disinfectant: a chemical substance that kills harmful bacteria or viruses Personal-Care and Food Products > What are some household products that contain acids, bases, and salts? > Many healthcare, beauty, and food products in your home, in addition to cleaners, contain acids, bases, or salts. Many healthcare products are acids or bases. Vitamin C is ascorbic acid. Sodium hydrogen carbonate and magnesium hydroxide (milk of magnesia) are antacids. antacid: a weak base that neutralizes stomach acid Shampoos are adjusted for an ideal ph. The ph of most shampoos is between 5 and 8. A shampoo that is too basic can cause strands of hair to swell Your hair will look dull and lifeless. Acids can be used as antioxidants. Antioxidants prevent oxygen from reacting with molecules. Vitamin C and citric acid are antioxidants. Super Summary Chapter Outline p. 7
8 Acids, bases, and salts are used in the kitchen. Vinegar or citrus juices make acidic marinades that can tenderize meats. Bacteria convert lactose, a sugar in milk, into lactic acid. The lactic acid changes the shape of the protein casein, which thickens the milk. Many drain cleaners contain sodium hydroxide. Super Summary Chapter Outline p. 8
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