Global Climates. What is Climate? How are Climates Classified? Climates by Latitude Low Middle High Climate in the Mountains Changing Climate
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1 Climate
2 Global Climates What is Climate? How are Climates Classified? Climates by Latitude Low Middle High Climate in the Mountains Changing Climate
3 Precipitation patterns controlled by air masses and their movements (influenced by atmospheric circulation patterns) >> total precip and seasonality What is Climate Climate the average weather (temperature and precipitation) of a region >> climatology Temperature Regime based on latitude, location, elevation >> total range and seasonality
4 Temperature Patterns Winter
5 Temperature Patterns Summer
6 first later
7 Temperature Regimes by Latitude WET DRY WARM COLD
8 Temperature Regimes
9 Ocean Surface Currents Midlatitude gyres contribute to zonal asymmetry in subtropics: cold on west coasts, warm on east coasts
10
11
12
13 Monsoon
14 Monsoon
15 15
16 Polar Tundra Boreal Forest Temperate Forest Desert Grassland to savannah Equatorial to Tropical Grassland to savannah Desert Temperate Forest Boreal Forest Tundra Polar
17 Equator
18 IG4e_07_02a
19 IG4e_07_02b
20 Precipitation Regimes High convectional precipitation at equatorial regions Subtropical highs pressure cells (dry, subsiding air) Mountain ranges produce wet areas Coastal mountains can act as barriers to produce rain shadows Continental interiors tend to be dry
21 Precipitation patterns: Uniformly distributed precipitation seasonally Precipitation maximum during the warmest period of the year (high sun season) Precipitation maximum during the coolest period of the year (low sun season)
22 Seven global precipitation regions: Wet equatorial Trade wind coasts Tropical Deserts Midlatitude deserts and steppes Moist subtropical Midlatitude west coasts Arctic and Polar Deserts
23 Precipitation Regimes
24 Precipitation Regimes
25 Climate Classification Based on the scheme first developed by Dr. Vladimir Köppen in 1918 Low Latitude Climates Mid-latitude Climates High Latitude Climates
26 Climate Classification (Köppen)
27 Köppen Climate Classification (Type A: Tropical Climates) Figure S7.3, p. 224
28 Köppen Climate Classification (Type B: Dry Climates)
29 Global Climates (Köppen) Figure S7.2, p. 224
30 Global Climates (Köppen)
31 Things to Consider: Low-latitude locations have warmer temperatures and smaller annual temperature ranges than high-latitude locations Continental locations tend to have much larger annual temperature ranges than coastal locations at the same latitude Colder locations tend to have less precipitation than warm locations because warm air can hold more moisture than cold air
32 Low Latitude Climates
33 Low Latitude Climates occupy equatorial, and much tropical and subtropical zones range from very wet to very dry influenced by the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ), tropical easterly systems and subtropical high-pressure cells experience traveling lows such as the easterly wave and tropical cyclones
34 Low Latitude Climates
35 Low Latitude Climates: wet equatorial The Amazon dominantly influenced by the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) me and mt air masses uniform, very warm temperatures in all seasons ample precipitation, heaviest in direct association with the ITCZ
36 IG4e_07_12
37
38
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40 Low Latitude Climates: wet equatorial Figure 7.9, p. 233
41 IG4e_07_08
42 IG4e_07_08b
43 Low Latitude Climates: Monsoon and trade wind coastal climates India, Central America, SE Asia heavy rainfall with strong seasonal patterns larger temperature range than wet equatorial climate dominance of the ITCZ during the heavy rainfall period and the subtropical high pressure system during the dry season trade wind coast climates are a result of mt and me air masses
44 Low Latitude Climates: trade wind coastal climates Figure 7.10, p. 233
45 IG4e_07_14
46 IG4e_07_11
47 IG4e_07_opener
48 Low Latitude Climates: wet-dry tropical climates a warm climate with a more marked temperature range during high sun season, proximity to ITCZ brings heavy rains during low sun season, subtropical high produces very dry conditions vegetation is rain-green (dormant during dry season, productive during wet season)
49
50 IG4e_07_14b
51 Low Latitude Climates: wet-dry tropical climates Figure 7.14, p. 236
52 IG4e_07_p238
53 IG4e_07_15
54
55 IG4e_07_p239
56 IG4e_07_p239b
57 Low Latitude Climates: dry tropical climates Low latitude Deserts dominated by subtropical high-pressure cell very low precipitation and intense daytime heating under predominantly clear skies includes many of the world's great deserts semi-arid areas on the edges of the desert may have a short wet season
58 Low Latitude Climates: dry tropical climates Figure 7.17, p. 241
59 IG4e_07_16a
60 IG4e_07_16b
61
62
63
64 IG4e_07_22
65 IG4e_07_18a
66 IG4e_07_18b
67 IG4e_07_18c
68 IG4e_07_18d
69 IG4e_07_18e
70 Mid Latitude Climates
71 Midlatitude Climates occupy all of midlatitude zone and part of subtropics zone zone of interaction between tropical and polar air masses marked by traveling cyclones, anticyclones and frontal boundaries strong annual variations in temperature and precipitation
72 IG4e_07_20
73 Midlatitude Climates: dry subtropical climate southwest USA poleward extension of dry tropical climate, but with greater annual temperature range (higher latitude) cool season (air from higher latitudes) and occasional precipitation from midlatitude cyclones divided into arid and semi-arid subtypes more vegetation than dry tropical (lower temperatures and more precipitation)
74 Midlatitude Climates: dry subtropical climate Arizona Figure 7.21, p. 246
75 Midlatitude Climate: moist subtropical climate New Orleans, Florida, SE Asia warm, moist air flowing out of the subtropical high and influencing the eastern sides of continents abundant summer rainfall, mainly convectional with an occasional tropical cyclone Southeast Asia experiences strong monsoon winter precipitation from wave cyclones
76 Midlatitude Climate: moist subtropical climate Figure 7.24, p. 248
77 IG4e_07_23a
78 IG4e_07_23b
79 IG4e_07_25
80 Midlatitude Climates: Mediterranean climate California, Italy, Greece very dry summer due to migration of the subtropical high-pressure cell into the area low sun season is dominated by rainfall provided by cp air masses and cyclonic storms has a moderate temperature range limited to narrow coastal zones
81 Midlatitude Climates: Mediterranean climate Figure 7.26, p. 249
82 IG4e_07_27a
83 IG4e_07_27b
84
85 IG4e_07_28b
86 IG4e_07_28c
87 IG4e_07_28d
88 Midlatitude Climates: marine west coast climate Northern California to British Columbia, Ireland mild temperatures with a small temperature range moist climate with a low sun season precipitation maximum due to frequent cyclonic storms during the high sun season the northward movement of the subtropical high pressure cell reduces precipitation
89 Midlatitude Climates: marine west coast climate Norway, Washington, British Columbia Figure 7.29, p. 254
90 IG4e_07_30
91 IG4e_07_31
92 Midlatitude Climates: dry midlatitude climate e.g. Montana interior regions of North America and Eurasia high sun season rainfall is convectional and associated with occasional maritime air masses strong annual temperature range with hot high sun seasons and cold low sun seasons includes arid cold desert and semi-arid steppes
93
94
95 Midlatitude Climates: dry midlatitude climate Wyoming, Montana, Pampas Figure 7.32, p. 255
96 Midlatitude Climates: moist continental climate central and eastern North America and Eurasia large seasonal temperature variation and strong day-today variation ample precipitation peaking in the high summer season with mt air masses Low sun season is dominated by cp and ca air masses
97 Midlatitude Climates: moist continental climate Midwest USA, Toronto Figure 7.33, p. 256
98 IG4e_07_34a
99 IG4e_07_34b
100 IG4e_07_35
101 High Latitude Climates
102 High Latitude Climates located in the westerly wind belt influenced by mp air masses conflicting with cp and ca air masses and wave cyclones which develop along the arctic-front zone experience greater high sun season precipitation brought in by mt air masses
103 IG4e_07_36
104 High Latitude Climates: boreal forest climate long, bitterly cold low sun seasons and short cool high sun seasons very large annual temperature range (continental location) source region for cp air masses and invasions of ca air masses are common low total annual precipitation with a high sun season precipitation maximum
105 High Latitude Climates: boreal forest climate Figure 7.38, p. 260
106 IG4e_07_39
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108 IG4e_07_37a
109 IG4e_07_37b
110 High Latitude Climates: tundra climate is found along arctic coastal areas long severe low sun seasons dominated by cp, mp, and ca air masses smaller temperature range for its latitude (moderating effect of ocean) vegetation consists of grasses, sedges, lichens and some shrubs cold enough to create permafrost
111 IG4e_07_42
112 High Latitude Climates: tundra climate Figure 7.41, p. 261
113 High Latitude Climates: ice sheet climate source region of Arctic and Antarctic air masses ice sheets of Greenland and Antarctica and over the Arctic ocean ice lowest mean annual temperature, no month has a mean temperature above freezing very low precipitation
114
115 High Latitude Climates: ice sheet climate Figure 7.43, p. 263
116 IG4e_07_40
117 Highland (Mountain) Climates cool to cold, usually moist climates that occupy mountains and high plateaus
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