painting of the Council of Trent in Santa Maria Trastevere (Rome)

Transcription

1 painting of the Council of Trent in Santa Maria Trastevere (Rome)

2 Tycho Brahe ( ), Danish nobleman, also received funding from King of DK for his big science observatory on island of Hveen (DK), then from Rudolph II in Prague. =science outside univeristies Employed assistants (incl Kepler in Prague), had giant metal instruments made toget more precise observations than anyone had ever had (to 2 of arc). Here title page of his self-published book about his instruments

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4 Uraniborg: a house for people and astro instruments

5 Sterneborg: an extra observatory, mostly underground

6 Tycho and his giant quadrant

7 detail: notice the system of graduating the instrument, invented by Tycho

8 other detail: assistants using an armillary sphere and a sextant

9 geoheliocentrism

10 Decrees of the Council of Trent, To control petulant spirits, the Council decrees that in matters of faith and morals pertaining to the edification of Christian doctrine, no one, relying on his own judgment and distorting the sacred scriptures according to his own conceptions shall dare to interpret them contrary to that sense which the holy mother Church to whom it belongs to judge their sense and meanings, has held and does hold, or even contrary to the unanimous agreement of the Church fathers, even though such interpretations should never at any time be published. (Blackwell, p. 183)

11 Diego de Zuniga, Augustinian, taught at Univ of Salamanca In his commentary on Job (1584) Zuniga argued that the Bible referred to motion of the earth in Job 9:6: he who moves the earth from its place and its pillars are shaken. He later rejected heliocentrism as incompatible with Aristotelian philosophy. In 1632 his commentary was put on the index.

12 Galileo Galilei ( ) taught math at Pisa then Padua but unhappy at the university always in debt (lives with a woman and has 3 children) 1611 appointed court mathematician in Florence--his big break!

13 Galileo s telescopes, Museum of the history of science in Florence combination of a convex and a concave lens inside a tube to create magnification magnification: X15-20 but small field of vision (15 arc minutes, or about 1/4 of the full moon)

14 Title page of Galileo s Starry Messenger (1610) announcing moons of Jupiter =Medicean stars

15 Galileo, Sidereus nuncius (Starry messenger), 1610 reports of moons orbiting around Jupiter which he calls the Medicean stars. Responds to an objection to heliocentrism re earth s moon

16 View of Florence in the 16th century

17 Galileo s telescope =a refracting telescope; Gal s best magnified up to 30x

18 members of the Medici family-- Galileo s patrons in Florence

19 Galileo s manuscript drawings of the moon as seen with a telescope: mountains and craters cf. a photograph of the moon

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22 Heliocentrism predicts a full set of phases of Venus, as for the moon, which became visible with the telescope

23 In the Ptolemaic system (left), Venus always lies between the sun and the earth [because empirically Venus never strays far from the sun positionally] and it would always show a crescent phase. The Copernican system (right) predicts a full range of phases for Venus as it passes from between the sun and the earth to being on the opposite side of the sun from the earth. (from Parvis Ansari

24 Johannes Kepler ( ) a Protestant, taught math in Graz (Austria) then worked for Tycho Brahe in Prague though he did not like geoheliocentrism. After Tycho s death, K uses Tycho s data to support heliocentrism. Kepler s guiding conviction: You [God] ordered all things by measure, number and weight. (Wisdom 11:21)

25 Mysterium cosmographicum (secret of the universe), 1596: the distances of the planets from the sun are explained by perfect solids nested between the planetary orbs. But he later expressed doubts about this scheme.

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27 From Kepler s laborious calculations from Tycho s data: Mars orbit is an ellipse! (K s 1st law) Also notices that the planet sweeps out equal areas in equal times (2nd law) pub d in Astronomia nova (1609)

28 Harmonices Mundi (1619): harmonies of the world the planetary distances match musical harmonies + finds his 3rd law

29 Keplerʼs three laws of planetary motion: 1. The orbit of every planet is an ellipse with the sun at one focus. 2. A line joining a planet and the sun sweeps out equal areas during equal intervals of time 3. The time it takes a planet to orbit around the sun is related to how far away the planet is from the sun. specifically: The squares of the periodic times are to each other as the cubes of the mean distances. Or: The orbital period of a planet squared is directly proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis of its orbit (the semi-major axis is the longest line crossing the area covered by the ellipse, and includes the 2 foci). In 1687 Newton s Principia explained these laws as effects of the law of gravity. Until then no one understood their significance--but they were evidence that God used math in making the world.

30 Frontispiece of the Rudolphine Tables (1627), pub d by Kepler from Tycho s data

31 detail: Kepler with a few coins showering down on him from above