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1 ATOMS Made of Made of Made of protons neutrons electrons charge Positive charge charge No charge (neutral) charge Negative charge location Inside the nucleus location Inside the nucleus location Outside the nucleus

2 Element substance that is made up of only 1 type of atom. there are over 100 different elements each element has its own symbol usually 1 or 2 letters

3 Write down the symbol for the following elements: Lithium: Sulfur: Neon: Krypton: Lead: Gold: Write down the NAME of the following elements: Mg: C: Cl: Na:

4 Atom- - smallest particle of matter that has all its chemical properties -Atoms are made up of 3 smaller particles. These smaller particles are: protons- particle with a positive charge neutrons- particle with NO charge (neutral) electrons particle with a negative charge

5 Here s a picture of a Carbon Atom: -Protons & Neutrons are bigger in size and are found in the nucleus (center) of the atom. -Electrons are smaller in size and are found in orbitals around the nucleus. -Atoms have NO charge because the number of protons equals the number of electrons

6 Atomic Number- -tells you the number of protons - tells you the number of electrons -this number is located above the symbol of the element Write down the ATOMIC NUMBER of the following elements: S: Silver: Pt: Boron: How many protons does S have? electrons? How many protons does Boron have? electrons?

7 Atomic Mass- -tells you the number of protons PLUS neutrons -this number is located below the symbol of the element -this number usually in decimal form because not all atoms are identical; some have extra neutrons. These atoms are called isotopes Write down the ATOMIC MASS of the following elements: S: Silver: Pt: Boron: To find the number of neutrons you must do the following: Practice: Atomic Mass minus Atomic Number How many neutrons does Fluorine have? How many neutrons does Sodium have?

8 HOW TO DRAW AN ATOM: First you must figure out how many protons, neutrons & electrons the atom has. *Remember* - the Atomic Number tells you the number of protons and electrons - the Atomic Mass tells you the number of protons PLUS neutrons - -To find the number of neutrons: atomic mass MINUS atomic number EXAMPLE: draw an atom of Beryllium Atomic Number = Atomic Mass = figure out the number of: Protons = Electrons = Neutrons = YOU RE HALF WAY THERE!!

9 ORBITAL RULES: -The 1 st orbital holds 2 electrons. Once it has 2 electrons it is FULL -The 2 nd orbital holds 8 electrons. Once it has 8 electrons it is FULL -The 3 rd orbital holds 8 electrons. Once it has 8 electrons it is FULL -Now that you know the number of protons, electrons, and neutrons Beryllium has, use the orbital rules to draw the atom below:

10 DRAW THE FOLLOWING ATOMS: Chlorine: Lithium:

11 WATER: The chemical formula for water is: -There are 2 Hydrogen atoms & 1 Oxygen atom -What a water molecule looks like this: - The hydrogen atoms are attached to the oxygen atom by a covalent bond - Each water molecule is attached to each other by a hydrogen bond

12 -Water has a slight positive charge and a slight negative charge. This makes water a polar molecule. -The Oxygen atom holds on to the electrons a lot longer, so this side is slightly negative. -The Hydrogen atoms rarely see the electrons, so this side is slightly positive. PROPERTIES OF WATER: -The ability of water to stick to other things is called adhesion -The ability of water to stick to itself is called cohesion

13 6 Most Important Elements in Biology: 1. CARBON 2. HYDROGEN 3. OXYGEN 4. NITROGEN 5. PHOSPHORUS 6. SULFUR **THE MOST IMPORTANT ELEMENT OF THESE IS: CARBON CARBON: -Carbon can make 4 (#) bonds, which is the most out of the 6 elements. - It allows you to make really large/ long molecules. - Any molecule that contains Carbon is said to be organic.

14 ORGANIC MOLECULES Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids Made of Made of Made of Made of C, H, O C, H, O, N, S C, H, O, P C, H, O, P, N examples examples examples examples Sugars Keratin, hemoglobin, enzymes Fats (saturated/ unsaturated) DNA / RNA

15 Organic Molecules: -There are 4 (#) different types of organic molecules: 1. Carbohydrates 2. Proteins 3. Lipids 4. Nucleic Acids Carbohydrates: Proteins: Lipids: Nucleic Acids:

16 1. Carbohydrates: (Sugars) - JOB: to provide living organisms with energy - Elements: C, H, O -Subunit: monosaccharide - means 1 sugar disaccharide - means 2 sugars polysaccharide - means many sugars - Shape: Carbohydrates look like rings hooked together to form a chain.

17 Examples of Carbohydrates: There are 2 major types of carbohydrates: 1 type- STORAGE CARBOHYDRATE- stores extra sugar examples: starch is found in plant cells glycogen is found in animal cells 2 nd type- STRUCTURAL CARBOHYDRATE- helps with shape examples: cellulose is found in plant cells chitin is found in animal cells

18 2. Proteins: - JOB: many different jobs; depends on the protein -Elements: C, H, O, N, S -Subunit: Proteins are made out of Amino Acids - Shape: Proteins start off as a chain, but then their final shapes vary - Examples: Proteins are found all over your body! Here are some examples: - Keratin- found in your hair & nails (makes them strong & shiny) - Collagen- found in your skin (makes it smooth & wrinkle-free) - Hemoglobin- found in your blood (carries oxygen) - Enzymes- speed up chemical reactions - When a protein loses its shape and can t work anymore it s said to be denatured. (like if your key got ran over by a car..it loses it s shape and can t work anymore)

19 3. Lipids: - JOB: to store energy; (long term energy source) -Elements: C, H, O, P -Subunit: made out of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids -There is a special lipid called a phospholipid, which is found in the cell membrane of all cells. -Shape: lipids with 3 fatty acids look like this: -Shape: lipids with 2 fatty acids (phospholipids) look like this:

20 Examples of Lipids: 2 types of fats: 1. Saturated Fats- are BAD for you & come from ANIMALS 2. Unsaturated Fats- are GOOD for you & come from PLANTS

21 4. Nucleic Acids: - JOB: store & transmit genetic information -Elements: C, H, O, P, N -Subunit: nucleic acids are made out of nucleotide - a nucleotide is made up of 3 things: -Shape & Examples: 1.sugar 2. phosphate 3. base -RNA- stands for Ribonucleic Acid -DNA- stands for Deoxyribonucleic Acid RNA looks like this DNA looks like this

22 ENZYMES (aka- catalysts) Made out of protein Speed up chemical reactions Act on molecules called substrates

23 ENZYMES: -A.k.a.: catalyst -Made out of protein -Typically end in ase -Job: to speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy needed -Enzymes work on a substance called a substrate (they fit together like 2 puzzle pieces) -The enzyme and the substrate join at the active site -This is where a chemical reaction takes place -Then the product is released -The enzyme is now free to find another substrate

24 Factors that can affect how an enzyme works: 2 Major factors that affect how enzymes work are: 1. Temperature- Enzymes work at specific temperatures If that temperature changes, it can denature an enzyme, which means it can t work anymore! 2. ph- this measures acidity levels the scale is: 0 to = acid 7 = neutral 8-14 = base enzymes work at specific ph levels If that ph level changes, it can denature an enzyme, which means it can t work anymore!

25 How are Organic Molecules made and broken down? How Organic Molecules are made: - Dehydration Synthesis- -process of building organic molecules by removing a molecule of water How Organic Molecules are broken down: -Hydrolysis- process of breaking down organic molecules by adding a molecule of water

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