The Road to World War I

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1 The Road to World War I Causes of WWI Europe experienced from the 1870s through the early 1900s. However, the following powerful forces were pushing Europe towards : A I M N 1. Alliances Europe was made up of a system of that kept the in Europe. Nations agreed to each other if attacked. This meant that a war between two nations could into a global conflict. Rival Alliances in Imperialism The European powers, Russia, and Japan competed for power in the 1800s. France and Germany competed for gains in Africa, while Britain and Germany competed. Because of their mutual with Germany, Britain and France formed close ties with each other. 1

2 3. Militarism During the 1800s had increased around the world, making nations eager to use military force. Most nations had built massive and with the latest technology. Britain and Germany had the biggest race. 4. Nationalism Aggressive was the source of tension throughout Europe. Many French people wanted to take revenge against Germany, and regain and. Russia also promoted in the Balkans, which upset the multinational Austro- Hungarian Empire, and the Ottoman Empire. Because of nationalism, the region was known as the of Europe. The War Begins The Spark Not surprisingly, World War I began in Bosnia, which was the heart of the ethnically diverse powder keg. Although inhabited by many, Bosnia was not ruled by Serbia, but by. When Francis, the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, traveled through Bosnia in June of 1914, he was assassinated by Serbian nationalist Gavrilo. Princip s assassination of Ferdinand is known as the that started the Great War. 2

3 A Chain Reaction After the assassination Kaiser Wilhelm II of gave his ally Francis Joseph of Austria-Hungary, or a blank check of support. With Germany s support, Austria gave Serbia a harsh, or set of demands. Serbia refused to with some of the demands, so Austria-Hungary declared on Serbia on July 28, Czar of Russia, a fellow nation and ally of Serbia, pleaded with Austria not to attack the smaller country. When the plea failed, Russia, or prepared its forces for war against Austria-Hungary. In response to Russia s mobilization against their ally Austria-Hungary, declared war on Russia. Germany then declared war on, another ally of Russia. To get to Paris, German troops invaded neutral. Belgium s protection was guaranteed by, so the British joined the war against Germany. The Ottoman Turks joined the Central Powers to combat, which threatened their empire. Italy joined the to gain Austrian-ruled lands that were inhabited by Italians. joined the allies and used the war as an excuse to seize outposts in China and islands in the Pacific. POPULAR MYTH- In 1917 the United States declared war on Germany after it sank the. 3

4 In 1917, the United States declared war on Germany for several reasons: Germany announced the use of u-boat (submarine) warfare on January 9, This meant sinking any ship sailing in or out of an enemy s port. the US had more similarities with the Allies than with the Central Powers (language, traditions, and ). the British intercepted a message from Arthur Zimmermann, the German foreign minister, to his ambassador in. Zimmermann asked for Mexican, and promised that in return Germany would help Mexico conquer New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona. Nation Major Powers in WWI Alliance Before War Side During War France Triple Entente Allies Great Britain Triple Entente Allies Russia Triple Entente Allies United States Allies Italy Triple Alliance Allies Germany Triple Alliance Central Powers Austria-Hungary Triple Alliance Central Powers Ottoman Empire Central Powers Reason for Fighting into World War I added thousands of fresh troops to the Allied war effort. This was a major advantage for the allies that led to their victory in WWI. World War I Combat The Automatic Machine Gun These mounted guns fired a rapid, continuous stream of bullets, and made it possible for a few gunners to mow down waves of soldiers. 90% of bullet casualties in WWI were from automatic machine guns. Poisonous Gas Gases were lobbed into enemy trenches causing choking, blinding, severe skin blisters, or death. Gas masks lessened the importance of poison gas. Tanks Tanks protected advancing troops as they broke through enemy defenses. Early tanks were slow and clumsy. Submarines German U-boats destroyed Allied shipping, and brought the US into the war after sinking the Lusitania. The typical WWI German U-boat had a crew of 30 and could dive to 300 feet. 4

5 Allied & Neutral Ships Sunk in WWI By Subs , By Mines By Ships By Planes Total 5, % Submarines 4,837 88% Mines % Surface Craft 177 2% Aircraft 4 - Airplanes At first, planes were mainly used for reconnaissance, but later flying aces engaged in air combat. Propeller planes were equipped with a machine gun and bombs. The German flying ace Manfred von Richthofen, also known as The Red Baron, had over 80 kills in air-to-air combat, or dogfights before he was killed. Artillery Cannon fire became deadly accurate in WWI, and made battlefields look like the face of the moon. The Germans had Big Bertha, a cannon that could shoot 9 miles. By the end of the war, the Germans were shelling Paris from 70 miles away. Trench Warfare Heavy fighting took place along the western front, a 600-mile stretch of land where the troops dug trenches for protection. For four years neither side could make any significant gains, and millions were killed. A dug-out was used to avoid being killed during shelling. A dug-out was usually 15 feet deep and could hold over a dozen soldiers. German dug-outs were usually deeper. 5

6 The Human Cost of WWI Trench Foot: An infection caused by cold, wet, and unsanitary conditions. Feet would go numb, the skin would turn red or blue, and eventually gangrenous. Amputations were common for trench foot. The Remedy: Change your socks and keep your feet dry. Dead: over 8.5 million Wounded: over 17 million Also, there was widespread disease, famine, and destruction. (Spanish Influenza) The Treaty of Versailles Why Versailles? The wanted to crush Germany in the same place where Bismarck formed it in The Big Three Although there were delegates from nations at the conference, the important decisions were made by the leaders of the three strongest powers: the US, Britain, and France. United States Wilson wanted peace without, and wanted defeated nations to be treated well to avoid a war of in the future. Wilson introduced America s goals his, which were admired by the Germans, but not the other Allies. Wilson wanted to eliminate the basic causes of war, such as conflicts over and. Wilson also called for an end to, a of military arms, and self-determination. the idea that the peoples of Eastern Europe would choose their own form of government. 6

7 Wilson also argued for freedom of the, and the formation of the. League of Nations a group of countries with the goal of settling disputes through, rather than war. France The of Wilson was Clemenceau from France who was nicknamed the Tiger for his fierce war policy. Clemenceau wanted to the Germans so that they could never again France. Clemenceau felt that Wilson wanted to be too on Germany and said, Wilson has Fourteen Points God Almighty has only ten! Great Britain Lloyd George of Great Britain held a position between Wilson and Clemenceau. While promising to make the Germans pay, Lloyd George knew that Germany would not be good for. Lloyd George helped work out many of the in the treaty. Punishing the Central Powers Germany Germany s punishment in the Treaty can be remembered as: 1. Germany had to accept the for starting the war in the form of a war guilt clause. 7

8 2. Germany had to pay over $33 billion in, or fines. The reparations covered the caused by the war, pensions for millions of Allied soldiers, widows and families. 3. Germany was forbidden to have an over 100,000 men, no submarines, and no air force. 4. Germany lost and colonies to Britain and France. Alsace and Lorraine were returned to, land was lost to Poland, and the Rhineland was to be occupied by Allied troops. Austria-Hungary The break-up of the Austro-Hungarian Empire led to the independence of four new nations: Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and., Bosnia, Herzegovina, and Montenegro made up Yugoslavia., deprived of its entire empire, became a small nation. Ally gained land, while Central Power lost land. Ottoman Empire The weak Ottoman Empire ( ) was also broken up. Some of the territories were given, while others such as Palestine, Iraq, and Syria were given to and France. 8

9 Communist Russia Since Russia s new government left the war early, they were not invited to Versailles. The Allies wanted to Russia to keep communism from westward. new nations gained independence from Russia: Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. Russia also lost to Poland and Romania. League of Nations Wilson s Creation President Wilson in forming the League of Nations. The countries that joined the League promised to take cooperative and actions against any aggressive country. Although Wilson s idea, the United States rejected the League because Americans feared it would pull them into future European. The lack of the US severely the League. 9

10 Anger over Versailles Many nations were with the Treaty of Versailles, and felt their goals had not been achieved. was horrified by their reparations, reduced military, and territorial losses. also felt the Treaty was too harsh on Germany, and the US Congress refused to approve it. wanted to gain more land from Austria than it received. was angry because the Allies did not recognize all of its claims in China. Japan had been a member of the allies in WWI. was angry that Japan had been given Germany s sphere of influence. was angry they were not invited to Versailles, and upset over losing Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. Unfortunately, the treaty that ended the war to end all wars merely provided the motivation for, just twenty years later. 10

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