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1 Enzymes! Biology
2 Intro Video 75-PL4
3 An enzyme is a protein that functions as a catalyst to speed up a chemical reaction in the body. Continuously recycled over and over again. Biological catalyst: speed up rates of reactions inside the cytoplasm. They control the rate of metabolic reactions in the body. They lower activation energy (energy needed to get a reaction started). They weaken chemical bonds so molecules can be made or broken down by the body.
4 Highly specific: catalyze only one chemical reaction at a time and they have a specific substrate. Specific Terminology Substrate : the reactant in the chemical reaction that is catalyzed by the enzyme, the substance that is changed. Active Site: the region on the enzyme where the substrate attaches. The shape of the active site changes based on the substrate. Product: what is created after the chemical reaction has occurred.
5 Many enzymes have an ase ending. A few popular ones: Catalase-> breaks down hydrogen peroxide in eukaryotic cells Sucrose (table sugar) -> sucrase Lipids-> lipase Proteins-> Proteases Amylase-> human saliva, helps break down starch (amylose) Lactose -> Lactase DNA helicase-> unzips the double stranded DNA molecule for replication DNA polymerase-> enzymes that create DNA molecules by assembling nucleotides
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7 Fun Fact! Catalase breaks down hydrogen peroxide in eukaryotic cells. It s estimated that 40 million hydrogen peroxides go into a catalase enzyme every second. Hydrogen peroxide is toxic to our cells in large quantities 7JcZJuQ&ebc=ANyPxKroxLtgDhGJngKVMtc5s- x0rtynj- TXwGMvf4hSY5G_i7nJkJc9ampYnrF6krm- 1RzRCN8DzYTBNcZTRYSUG_AquKdc8g&spfrelo ad=10
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9 Enzyme Substrate Complex Steps: 1. Substrate binds to the enzyme at the active site. 2. The substrate is changed by the enzyme and converts the reactants into products. 3. Products are released into the body. 4. Once the products are released, the active site is ready for another molecule (substrate) to bind to. 5. The process is ongoing, it never stops.
10 This is often referred to as the Lock and Key Model or the Enzyme Substrate Complex The shape of the active site ( the lock ) determines which substrate ( the key ) will fit into the enzyme.
11 Lowers activation energy so that the product can form and the chemicals can spontaneously break apart. Picture from Biology Holt McDougal text, 2012
12 Factors that Affect Enzymes 1. Temperature: As temperature increases, kinetic energy increases, and molecules move around a lot more. The more they move around, the higher the probability that an enzyme and a substrate will bind together and react. Enzymatic reactions increase with an increase in temperature. TOO HOT: The enzyme denatures / falls apart. TOO COLD: Enzymes work slowly or not at all! Optimal temperature is where the enzyme works best! 98.6 F or 37 C
13 ph Works best at a certain ph. Sensitive to changes in ph, especially acidity Too low or too high, the enzyme will DENATURE (fall apart).
14 d=0ahukewjv66syoj7lahxmgr4khez1cdmqjb0ibg&url=http%3a%2f%2fwww.rsc.org%2flearn -chemistry%2fresources%2fchemistry-in-yourcupboard%2fvanish%2f8&psig=afqjcnfn6wfjyvl_vc6uflcb2bf7iu5ag&ust=
15 3. Concentration of Enzyme or Substrate If enzyme concentration is low, the reaction is slow. As the enzyme concentration increases, the rate of reaction increases. rces/cfb/enzymes.htm
16 el.gregory/files/bio%20101/bio%20101%20lab oratory/enzymes/enzymes.htm As the substrate increases, the reaction increases, up to a certain point (enzyme is limited).
17 Activity / Homework Complete the Enzyme- Substrate Manipulation Activity
18 Enzyme Substrate Complex: Graphing and Manipulative Lab
19 Videos 4oaUo
20 ATP & Energy Our main energy currency
21 ATP= Adenosine Triphosphate Macromolecule: Nucleic Acid Organelle: Mitochondria Main Function: Main energy currency in all living things. Comes from: breakdown of glucose (carbohydrates).
22 Structure: Made up of adenine, ribose, and three phosphates
23 Differences ATP ADP 3 phosphates High energy 2 phosphates Low energy
24
25 phosphate removed
26 Fats store the most energy. 80 % of the energy in your body. About 146 ATP molecules from a triglyceride. Proteins are the least likely to be broken down to make ATP because they have so many different functions. Amino acids are not usually needed for energy. About the same amount of energy as a carbohydrate. Carbohydrates are the molecules most commonly broken down to make ATP. Not stored in large amounts. Up to 36 ATP is created from one glucose molecule.
27 Of course it all starts with photosynthesis, and then organisms take it in via cellular respiration What if there isn t any sunlight? Where does the energy come from? Chemosynthesis: process by which organisms use chemical energy to make their food. Where does this occur? Deep sea hydrothermal vents.
28 Vo
29 Review Questions 1. Explain in your own words, what is occurring in the ATP / ADP cycle. 2. Describe two functions of catalysts in chemical reactions. 3. The substrate is also known as the in a chemical reaction. 4. List three ways in which enzymes can be altered. 5. Some organisms live in very hot or very acidic environments. Would their enzymes function in a person s cells? Why or why not? 6. Suppose that the amino acids that make up an enzyme s active site are changed, how might this change affect the enzyme? 7. What is the main function of ATP? 8. How do we obtain ATP? 9. Which organic molecule is used by the body as a good source of long term energy storage? 10. Proteins are composed of chains of
30 Label the Diagram
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